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Axial Skeleton I
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How many bones are in the adult human skeleton? | 206 |
| palpate | to feel a bone/process of a bone or organ through the skin |
| two main parts of skeleton? | axial and appendicular skeleton |
| axial skeleton | runs on the longitudinal axis |
| appendicular skeleton | the appendages & girdles that hold them to the skeleton |
| what main bones form the skull? | cranial bones, facial bones & auditory ossicles |
| how many bones in cranium? | 8 |
| cranium | functions to protect the brain |
| how many facial bones? | 14 |
| facial bones | form the face |
| auditory ossicles | 3 tiny bones in each ear |
| how many auditory ossicles? | 6 (3 tiny bones in each ear) |
| how many ribs are there? | 24 |
| how many vertebrae are there? | 26 |
| how many bones are in the skull? | 28 |
| what makes up the skull? | cranium, facial bones and auditory ossicles |
| what are the rest of the bones in the axial skeleton (besides the skull?) | hyoid, ribs, sternum, vertebrae |
| how many bones are in the rest of the axial skeleton (minus the skull?) | 52 |
| how many bones in the axial skeleton? | 80 |
| what are some anatomical features found in bone? | ridges, spines, bumps, depressions, canals, sinuses, foramina (holes) |
| what do anatomical features provide? | muscle, ligament and tendon attachments, routes for blood vessels and nerves to pass through bones, etc. |
| cranial cavity | encloses the brain |
| calvaria | the dome of the top of the skull (i.e. "skull cap" |
| cranial floor | what is exposed when you take the calvaria off, and "suck brain out" |
| what are the 3 depressions in the cranial floor? | anterior cranial fossa, middle cranial fossa, posterior cranial fossa |
| anterior cranial fossa | holds the frontal lobe of brain (crescent shaped) |
| fossa | "depression" |
| middle cranial fossa | holds the temporal lobes of brain (outstretched bird wings) |
| posterior cranial fossa | holds the cerebellum (deepest cavity) |
| what are the 4 sutures between the cranial bones? | coronal suture, sagittal suture, squamous suture, lamboid suture |
| sutures | separates the cranial bones |
| fontanels | spaces between unfused cranial bones in a baby. (allows exit from birth canal) think "little fountain" |
| what do depressed fontanels indicate? | baby is dehydrated |
| what do bulging out fontanels indicate? | increasing cranial pressure |
| what do wider than normal fontanels indicate? | hydrocephalus (excessive amounts of cerebrospinal fluid/CSF). --> (causes cranium to swell = wider fontanels) |
| hydrocephalus | excessive amounts of cerebrospinal fluid |
| what are the cavities that are relatively anterior in the skull? | oral cavity (1), nasal cavities (2), orbits (2). |
| which cavities are relatively anterior & middle of skull? | sinuses (4), middle ear area (2) and inner ear areas (2) |
| what are the cavities in the skull & facial area? | 1 cranial cavity, 1 oral cavity, 2 nasal cavities, 2 orbits, 4 sinuses, 2 middle ear and 2 inner ear areas |
| frontal bone | forms the forehead & roof of the orbits, also forms the anterior cranial fossa. (soon after birth it fuses to one bone). |
| supraorbital margin | *of the frontal bone* forms top of orbit, has blood vessels/nerves going into it |
| frontal sinus | act as a sound chamber (usually 2). connected with the nasal cavity, lined by mucous membrane & filled with air |
| zygomatic process of the frontal bone: which bone is it in and which bone is it "headed towards"? | it is in the frontal bone, heading toward zygomatic bone |
| glabella | *of the frontal bone* smooth area of frontal bone just above roof of the nose |
| parietal bone | (2) forms the greater portion of the sides & roof of the cranium. There are 2 parietal bones, divided by the sagittal suture |
| superior & inferior temporal lines | *of the parietal bones* form 2 arches across each parietal bone. They are the origins of temporalis muscle |
| temporal bone | (2) forms the inferior sides of the cranium & part of the middle cranial fossa |
| squamous portion | *of the temporal bone* flat. |
| petrous portion | *of the temporal bone* "rock"like, hard. houses inner ear |
| mastoid process | *of the temporal bone* prominent lump behind earlobe. filled w small air sinuses. |
| external auditory meatus | *of the temporal bone* opening into the ear canal. (=bone opening! the flesh opening is called the auditory canal) |
| mandibular fossa | *of the temporal bone* a depression where the mandible articulates |
| styloid process | *of the temporal bone* point of attachment of muscles of the tongue, muscles of pharynx & hyoid bone |
| zygomatic process of the temporal bone: where is it located and where is it headed? | it is located on the temporal bone, headed towards the zygomatic bone |
| temporal fossa | where the temporalis muscle sits. |
| what is the portion of bone that lines the temporal fossa called? | the squamous portion of the temporal bone. |
| occipital bone | forms posterior part of the skull & most of the posterior cranial fossa |
| occipital condyle | articulates with the atlas |
| atlas | vertebrae #1, it is a ring of bone that holds the axis. |
| foramen magnum | a "Large hole" in the occipital bone, area where medulla oblongata connects to the spinal cord. The vertebral arteries pass through here to supply the brain with blood |
| external occipital protuberance | prominent medial bump functions as the attachment point of nuchal ligament |
| nuchal ligament | binds the head to the vertebral column, attaches to the external occipital protuberance |
| superior & inferior nuchal line | both have neck muscles attached |
| sphenoid bone | lies in the middle part of the base of the skull. Called the "keystone" of the skull (it articulates with all other cranial bones). looks like a bat w/outstretched wings. |
| sella turcica | *of the sphenoid bone* "turkish saddle". depression that houses the pituitary gland |
| sphenoidal sinus | drains into nasal cavity, lined by mucous membrane & filled with air |
| pterygoid processes: what are they composed of? | there are 2, each has a medial plate and a lateral plate |
| medial plate | *of the sphenoid bone* narrower & longer plate of the pterygoid process, (one for each process) has a hamulus |
| hamulus | the very tip of the medial plate of the sphenoid bone |
| lateral plate | ?? its a plate that makes up pterygoid process of sphenoid bone |
| optic foramen | *of the sphenoid bone* optic nerve goes through this. (located right in beginning of the turkish saddle) |
| lesser wing | *of the sphenoid bone* smaller: the edge divides the anterior & middle cranial fossa |
| greater wing | *of the sphenoid bone* larger: can see it on the lateral view of the skull |
| ethmoid bone | light, very delicate spongelike bone. Located between the eyes. contributes to the medial wall of the orbit as well as the roof & walls of the nasal cavity & nasal septum |
| nasal septum | divides nasal cavities |
| cribriform plate | *of the ethmoid bone* forms the roof of the nasal cavity. has many foramina in it. olfactory nerves pass through this |
| crista galli | *of the ethmoid bone* projects upward between cribriform plates. point of attachment for membranes that cover the brain. |
| superior nasal conchae middle nasal conchae | *of the ethmoid bone* they stick out medially into the nasal cavity, causing turbulence in the inhaled air. These particles (containing dust, microbes etc) strike and become trapped in mucus. *air: slows down, becomes warmer, humidifies, catches bad guys |
| perpendicular plate | *of the ethmoid bone* forms superior part of nasal septum |
| ethmoidal air cells | numerous tiny cavities in the ethmoid bone. Are lined with mucous membrane continuous with that of the nasal cavity and lie between the upper part of the nasal cavities and the orbits. |
| How many facial bones are there? what makes them facial and not cranial bones? | 14 bones (some paired): no contact with the brain |
| describe changing shape of the face: when does it change? When does it stop changing? | the shape of the face changes dramatically during the first 2 postnatal years. face stops growing at around 16 years of age |
| why does the shape of the face change? | 1) brain and cranial/facial bones expand 2)teeth form and erupt 3) paranasal sinuses increase in size. |
| nasal bone | (2): they meet to form the bridge of the nose. (major portion of the nose is actually hyaline cartilage) |
| maxilla | (2): forms the floor of the orbit. They meet to form the upper jaw bone, and articulate with every bone of the face (except the mandible) |
| palatine process | *of the maxilla* forms the anterior 2/3rds of the hard palate |
| infraorbital foramen | (2) forms the passage of the nerves and blood vessels that supply the face. |
| alveolar processes *of the maxilla* | small projections of bone between the bases of the upper teeth |
| alveolus *of the maxilla* | deep socket in the bone for the upper teeth |
| maxillary sinus | (2) one of a pair of sinuses forming a cavity in the maxilla: drains into nasal cavity,lined by mucous membrane & filled with air |
| sinus | any of various air-filled cavities especially in the bones of the skull |
| zygomatic bone | commonly called the "cheek bone" forms the angle of the cheeks and part of the lateral wall of the orbit |
| zygomatic arch | union of two processes. sticks out a bit, you can palpate all along its length |
| temporal process of the zygomatic bone | this projects from the zygomatic bone posteriorly to meet the temporal bone |
| frontal process of the zygomatic bone | this projects from the zygomatic bone superiorly to meet the frontal bone |
| mandible | lower jawbone. only bone that moves; consists of a body and 2 rami. It is the strongest bone in the skull |
| coronoid process | *of the mandible* "crow's beak"; projection of bone which provides the attachment point for the temporalis muscle (starts on superior/inferior lines in parietal bone) |
| condylar process | *of the mandible* projection of bone which ends with the mandibular condyle on top of it. articulates with mandibular fossa of temporal bone |
| mental foramen | *of the mandible* forms the passage of the nerves and blood vessels that supply the chin |
| mandibular notch | "U" shaped arch between the two processes of mandible |
| mandibular foramen | (inside of mandible): forms the passage of the nerves & blood vessels that supply the lower teeth |
| alveolus *of the mandible* | deep socket in the bone for the lower teeth |
| alveolar processes *of the mandible* | small projections of bone between the bases of the lower teeth |
| lacrimal bone | (2) thin bone, resembles a fingernail. smallest bone in the face; forms part of the medial wall of the orbit |
| lacrimal sulcus | a bony groove formed by the lacrimal bone and the frontal process of the maxilla, forms area for tear drainage into the nasal cavity |
| palatine bone | (2) "L shaped" bones which form the posterior 1/3 of the hard palate & part of the floor & lateral wall of the nasal cavity |
| horizontal plate *of the palatine bone* | forms the posterior 1/3 of the hard palate |
| vertical plate *of the palatine bone* | forms part of the lateral wall of nasal cavity & a slight part of the orbit. |
| inferior nasal concha | (2) curved, scroll-like bones. form part of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity. project medially into the nasal cavity (largest of the 3 nasal conchae/projections) |
| vomer | slender, slightly triangular bone that resembles a plow. Forms the inferior and posterior part of the nasal septum |
| ala *of the vomer* | "wing": superior portion of vomer. attachment area to sphenoid |
| vertical plate *of the vomer* | forms the inferior part of nasal septum. frequently deviated. |
| orbit | eye socket |
| how many bones in the orbit? | 7 |
| what are the bones in the orbit? | frontal, sphenoid, lacrimal, ethmoid, maxilla, palatine zygomatic |
| What makes up the roof of the orbit? | orbital plate of frontal bone & lesser wing of sphenoid bone |
| what makes up the medial wall of orbit? | orbital plate of ethmoid bone, lacrimal bone, frontal process of maxilla |
| what makes up the floor of the orbit? | orbital surface of maxilla, orbital process of palatine bone |
| what makes up the lateral wall of the orbit? | orbital surface of zygomatic bone, zygomatic process of frontal bone, and greater wing of sphenoid bone |
| hyoid bone | U-shaped unique bone.does not articlate w any other bone in sklton. Suspnded from the styloid process of the temporal bone. located in the neck between the mandible and the larynx, functions to support tongue & larynx. Often fractures during strangulation |
| body *of hyoid bone* | anterior portion of hyoid |
| cornu *of hyoid bone* | if the hyoid were a mini mandible, the corna are ike the rami. each cornu has a lesser and a greater cornu. |
Created by:
kalmetina
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