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Unit 2
Biology Unit 2 Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Prokaryote | organism with no nucleus bacteria and archea |
| Eukaryote | organism with nucleus protist, fungi, plant, animal |
| Pili | hairlike projections on bacteria movement conjugation (exchange of genetic material) between bacteria |
| Phospholipid | main component of the lipid bilayer hydrophilic phosphate head and hydrophobic glycerol and fatty acid tails |
| Glycoprotein | membrane protein with carbohydrate attached; can function in |
| Glycolipid | membrane protein with carbohydrate attached; can function in |
| Cholesterol | lipid sterioid that provides support to the lipid bilayer |
| Transmember protein | protein that goes completely through the plasma membrane |
| Integral protein | protein embedded in the membrane |
| Transport proteins | type of transmember proteins that act as channels (for facilitated diffusion) and carriers (for active transport) |
| Peripheral proteins | proteins located on the outerside of the membrane; aid integral proteins; also help to anchor cytoskeleton to plasma membrane |
| Diffusion | random movement of molecules from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration |
| Passive transport | does not use energy; diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion |
| Osmosis | diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane |
| Hypertonic solution | solution with more solute |
| Hypotonic solution | solution with less solute |
| Isotonic solution | equal amount of solute |
| Active transport | requires energy; uses carrier proteins, endocytosis and exocytosis |
| Endocytosis | process in which molecules or organisms are brought into the cell; the plasma membrane pinches in creating a transport vessicle |
| Exocytosis | process in which molecules are released from the cell; vessicles bring packaged material to the plama membrane, fuse with the membrane and release contents outside of cell |
| Cytoplasm | liquid (cytosol) and contents of the inner part of the cell |
| Mitochondria | site where cellular respiration occurs; releases energy from sugars and turns it into ATP; able to self-replicate; has own DNA |
| Chloroplasts | converts light energy into chemical energy site of photosynthesis contains chlorophyll |
| Nucleus | houses a cell's genetic material; prominent organelle |
| Nucleolous | contains the parts to make ribosomes dense mass within the nucleus |
| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum | builds lipid molecules like oils, phospholipids, and steroids; helps detoxify |
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum | covered with ribosomes transports made proteins by a structure called a vesicle can aide in the production of some proteins |
| Ribosomes | constructs proteins (protein synthesis; reads the instructions dictated by the cell's DNA to make proteins made in nucleolous composed of ribosomal RNA and proteins |
| Lysosomes | contains digestive enzymes to break down macromolecules recycles old organelles part of the body's defense; helps destroy harmful bacteria, viruses, etc. that enter a cell |
| Vacuoles | storage for undigested nutrients central vacuole - in plates; also stores water, pigments, even poisons contractile vacuole; in freshwater protists; pumps excess water out of the cell |
| Golgi Apparatus | modifies, stores, and routes proteins and other chemicals throughout the cell in vesicles or to be released outside of the cell finishes modifications to macromolecules to be exported |
| Plastid | manufacture and store important compounds ex. chloroplasts |
| Peroxisome | break down fatty acids break down toxic materials breaks down hydrogen peroxide |
| Cellular Respiration | production of ATP by products of carbon dioxide and water in the mitochondria |
| Photosynthesis | production of sugars byproduct oxygen occurs in the chloroplast |
| Cytoskeleton | protein structures that give a cell shape, organization, and rigidity to enable to the cell to move (if needed) microtubules - can be a track to move molecules and organelles throughout the cell microfilaments - eneable movement and shape change |
| Cilia | numerous short projects with back and forth movement; found on eukaryotic cells aid in cell movement can extend from stationary cells to move substances over the cells (respiratory cells move debris down into the stomach |
| Flagella | thin, whip-like structures with an S shaped movement; found on eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells |
| Cell wall | found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes (but not animals) cell protection cell structure composed mainly of cellulose in plants |
Created by:
tneuhoff
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