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Exam 2- UNH Bio
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the Golgi apparatus? | The Golgi apparatus functions in the collection, packaging, and distribution of molecules synthesized at one location. |
| What is the front of the Golgi apparatus called? | cis face |
| What is the discharging end of the Golgi apparatus called? | trans face |
| What are cisternae? | flattened stacked membranes |
| What are lysosomes? | break down proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and carbohydrates. Also break down old organelles |
| How are lysosomes activated? | by fusing with a food vesicle produced by phagocytosis fusing with an old worn out cell. |
| What are microbodies? | Microbodies are enzyme-bearing, membrane enclosed vesicles. |
| Where are microbodies located? | cells of protists, fungi, animal cells, and plant cells |
| What are the two types of microbodies called? | peroxisomes and glyoxysomes |
| What are the charcteristics of micorbodies? | 1.Single membrane bound organelle. 2.Contains peroxidases and catalases enzymes.3.Beta oxidation of lipid enzymes. 4.30-40 other enzymes- renovate and recycle molecules |
| What enzymes do peroxisomes contain? | catalase |
| What are the three types of vesicles? | 1.Lysosomes 2.Microbodies 3.Vacuoles |
| What are lysosomes characterized by? | 1.Single membrane 2.Contain at least two hydro lases |
| What are the three types of hydrolases? | primary, secondary and teleolysosomes |
| When are hydrolases active? | when pH drops below 5 (acidic) |
| Define primary hydrolases. | inactive acid hydrolases(pH is greater than 5) |
| Define secondary hydrolases. | active acid hydrolases (pH 5 or less) |
| Define a teleolysosome. | indigestible material |
| How many lysosomes are in each cell? | 100 to 1000 |
| In a plant cell, what holds the lysosomes? | vacuole |
| What is the glycocalyx? | keeps enzymes away to prevent digestion of itself |
| What are the 7 functions of vesicles? | digestion of food particles, turnover of receptors, external digestion, autophagy, disease, fertilization, apoptosis |
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum | sight of protein synthesis, flattened sacs with ribosomes |
| How are glycoproteins formed? | when newly synthesized proteins are modified by the addition of short-chain carbohydrates |
| Describe the journey of lysosomal enzymes | made in RER, enter golgi, enzymes present to bind to signal patch of every lysosomal enzyme and phosphorylates the 6th carbon of mannose |
| Autophagy Vacuoles | Digest own organelles w/ special kind of ER (sac w/ lumen to detect worn out organelles and has double membrane) surrounds the organelles and fuse w/ late endosome and organelles get chopped up. |
| What is a result of failure of the lysosomes? | Uric acid collecting in capillaries. Teliolysosome releases hydrolytic enzymes which results in digestion of joints. |
| What are proteosomes? | free in cytoplasm and closely related to prions. Take proteins that are misfolded or worn out and digest them. |
| When digesting misfolded proteins, what three enzymes are needed? | E1, E2 and E3. E3 needs to be digested and ubiquitin is tagged on. |
| What is the protein, E1's purpose? | finds ubiquitin |
| What is the protein, E2's purpose? | give to next enzymes |
| What does MTOC stand for? | Microtubule Organizing Center |
| What are centrioles essential for? | forming flagella or cilia |
| What is the purpose of the basal body? | organizes center system of microtubules, push against PM and cause out pocket |
| What is the purpose of the flagella's unique proteins? | prevent diffusing through membranes. (keeps two separate) |
| What is the microtubular structure of cilia and flagella in eukaryotic cells? | microtubules in a ring w/ microtubules in the center. Ex. 9+2 (2 is the microtubule stuck together around the outside ring. |
| How many rings and sets of micro tubules does the basal body have? | 9 rings with 3 sets of microtubules. |
| What is the significance of A tubules? | have motor dynein proteins, important in making flagella work |
| What does dyenin do in the presence of ATP? | Dynein reaches out and walks along B tubule. Dynein can’t move so tubules try to move instead. |
| What are integral proteins? | group of cell-surface proteins involved in adhesion of cells to substrates. |
| What are three ways cells stick together? | Integral proteins are linked to cytoskeletal proteins, integral proteins of one cell link w/ those of adjacent cells, calcium dependent cell adhesion molecules (cadherins) |
| What are desmosomes? | adhering junctions that connect the cytoskeletons of adjecent cells |
| hemi desmosomes | anchor epithethial cells to basement membrane and are imbedded into protein plaque. likely to bind to ECM |
| Define disintegrins | break down integrins, fall apart |
| Tight junctions | connect the plasma membranes of adjacent cells in sheet. Pass through but not between cell membranes |
| Anchoring junction | desmosomes that connect cells through cadherins |
| What are cadherins? | calcium dependent cell adhesion molecule. |
| SER | used to store calcium in cells to use as a signalling molecule |
| Tonoplasts | contain channels for water that are used to help maintain an osmotic balance |
| V-SNARE | a protein present on a vesicular membrane that is required for fusion of that vesicle with its target membrane |
| Dolichol | lipid involved in glycosylating (tranferring sugars) to proteins |
| SRP | recognizes signals and binds proteins which stops construction of ER |
| Three ways to move through cisternae. | 1. cisternal maturation 2. tubular connection between cisternae 3. cisternal progression |
| Cisternal maturation | 1.Cisternae reaches out and touch out the other cisternae, way to move membranes. Eventually breaks. |
| vesicular traffic | 2.Forms a coated vesicle that takes things with it and fuses with another cisternae |
| Cisternae progression | series of vesicles form cisternae and they push each forward through the system. |
| Sorting Domain | specific targeted materials sorted into specific vesicles |
| Default Domain | non target materials move through Golgi |
| RAB proteins | attach and tether the target membrane and transport vesicle together to test whether v-snare is right for protein |
| fusogen proteins | facilitates melting of layers together, found in disease proteins |
| Phosphatases | Proteins that remove P04 from molecules, generally in an active molecule |
| Signal Systems | 1. Reception of Signal 2. Activation of receptor in initial response 3. USUALLY involves activation of secondary signals which move into the cell 4. One signal becomes millions 5. Alters cell behavior |
| What is the importance of Cyclic AMP? | An important activator |
| Define Mitogen | A chemical that stimulates cell division by activating the normal pathways that control division |
| What activates MAP kinases? | Phosphorylation cascade or kinase cascade |
| Characteristics of Ras proteins | Active when bound to GTP, inactive when bound to GDP, activates the first kinase in the MAP kinase |
| histidine kinase | signal transduction through the cellular membrane |
| tyrosine kinase | key regulators of normal cellular processes and play a role in cancer progression |
| What do G-proteins bind to? | guanine |
| GTPases | a slow acting enzyme that removes the third phosphate from GTP leaving GDP |
| GEF | GTP exchange proteins |
| GAP | GTPase activating protein |
| Arrestin | Adaptin recruits clatherin that forms a coated pit |
| Roles of Peroxisomes | molecular recycling and breaking down proteins |
| what happens with Photorespiration In chloroplast? | calvin cycle and phosphoglycolate |
| what happens with Photorespiration In Peroxisome? | glycolate is oxidized |
| Photorespiration In mitochondrion | glycine releases co2 and ammonia and serine |
| The Glyoxylate Cycle | produce acetyl coA and take lipid to convert to sugar. Humans can’t do this. |
| SER | Membrane phospholipid synthesis |
| Flippase | molecule responsible for moving the phospholipids to the correct side of the membrane bilayer. |
| spot desmesomes | very stable connections between cells |
| casparian strip | water proof layer found in some plant cells that prevents movement through the extra cellular matrix. |
| ubiquitin | molecule that is important in tagging worn out organelles and molecules for digestion. |
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