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Biology
Nervous System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Central nervous System | Brain and Spinal Cord |
| Peripheral Nervous System | Everything else (autonomic (automatic) NS and somatic NS) |
| Motor Signals (efferent) | Leave CNS, feed into PNS, and into an effector |
| Effector | Muscles, Glands, organs |
| Sensory signals (afferent) | Come from PNS and enter into CNS for interpretation |
| Autonomic NS | Divided into sympathetic NS and parasympathetic NS |
| Sympathetic NS | Stimulatory (increase heart rate, blood rate, etc.) Mediated by epinephrine and norepinephrine |
| Parasympathetic NS | Inhibitory (decrease heart rate, etc.) Stimulates digestive system. |
| Myelin Sheath | Insulating fatty layer in axon of neurons that speeds transmission |
| Schwann Cells | Glial cell in PNS, Make Myelin in PNS |
| Axon | Conduction Fiber |
| Axon Terminals | Transmit message |
| Dendrite | Receive message |
| Neuroglia (Glial cells) | Support cells for neurons (undergo mitosis) |
| Microglia | Glial cell in CNS, removes dead tissues and attacks invaders |
| oligodendrocytes | Glial cell in CNS, produces myelin sheath (can produce for multiple neurons simultaneously) |
| astrocytes | Glial cell in CNS, Support neuron in transmission, make up blood brain barrier |
| ependymal cells | Glial cell in CNS, involved in producing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-form the blood-CSF barrier |
| satellite cells | Glial cell in PNS, support ganglia |
| Neurotransmitter | Assists impulse in travelling across synapse between neurons |
| Serotonin | Major neurotransmitter in CNS |
| Astigmatism | Mishappen lens or cornea |
| Glaucoma | Due to pressure when drainage of aqueous fluid is slower than production |
| Iris | Smooth muscle, adjusts pupil according to light |
| Presbyopia | Lens loses it's elasticity with age |
| Cataracts | Protein deposits in the lens |
| How is the brain involved? | Light entering the eye is upside down and backwards, the brain corrects that |
| Rods and cones | Convert light energy into electrical impulses the brain can understand |
| Rods | Visual intensity |
| Cones | Color perception and low-light intensity |
| What is the blind spot in the eye? | Where the optic nerve enters the eye contains no retina |
| Myopia (nearsightedness) | Elongation of the eyeball causes the focal point to be in front of the retina |
| Hyperopia (farsightness) | Shortening of the eyeball causes the focal point to be behind the retina |
| Pinna | Directs sound into ear canal |
| Ossicle | Ear bones through which sound travels to the inner ear(Malleus (hammer) >Incus (anvil) >Stapes (stirrup) |
| Eustachian Tube | Regulates pressure in middle ear, opens up into nasopharynx |
| Where does sound go after it passes through the ossicles? | Through the elliptical window into the cochlea where it is converted into neural impulses by the organ of corti. |
| Semicircular canals | Filled with fluid that moves in response to gravity/body position. Contains appullae |
| Appullae | Found in the semicircular canals, convert fluid motions to neural impulses so the cerebellum can detect position |
| Endocrine System | glands without ducts-make hormones |
| Exocrine System | glands with ducts make other substances-not hormones |
| Sudoriferous glands produces... | Sweat |
| Sebaceous glands produces... | Oil |
| Lacrimal glands produces... | Tears |
| Pancreas produces... | 3 digestive enzymes, acts locally |
| Liver produces.. | Bile (emulsifies fat) |
| Cerumenous glands produces... | Cerumen (ear wax) |
| How are hormones carried? | The blood |
| Pineal gland produces... | Melatonin |
| Hypothalamus | maintains homeostasis and controls pituitary gland |
| Posterior pituitary produces (2) | ADH and oxytocin |
| ADH | Controls urinary output by kidneys, deficiency of ADH causes diabetes insipidus |
| Oxytocin | Causes uterine contractions and milk lactation |
| Anterios Pituitary (7) | Prolactin, Thyroid Stimulating Hormon (TSH), Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Leutenizing hormone (LH),Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH),Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH), and Somatotropin |
| Thyroid gland | Only gland that stores hormones, regulates metabolism and deposits calcium into bones via calcitonin |
| Hypothyroidism | Too little TSH; weight gain, tiredness, dry skin and hair, always cold, slow heart rate, depression |
| Hyperthyroidism | Too much TSH; weight lost, oily skin and hair, nervousness, rapid heart beat, always hot |
| Graves Disease | body produces antibodies to the thyroid gland that resemble TSH, but are not under any feedback control |
| Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis | Antibodies are produced against the thyroid and against the thyroid hormones |
| Parathyroid | Stimulates cells to remove calcium from bones and for kidney to to excrete more phosphate |
| Hyperparathyroidism | Causes broken bones and kidney stones |
| Thymus | Where t-cells mature, stops functioning with old age |
| Cushings disease | Excess cortisteroids |
| Adrenal Medulla | Produces epinephrine and norepinephrine; fight or flight (sympathetic NS) |
Created by:
ampersamd
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