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Unit 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Rock characteristics | made of minerals no definite composition could have lived before ex. coal,petrified wood |
| rock classification | bases on how they form |
| the three groups of rocks | igneous, sedimentary , metamorphic |
| igneous rock | means fire - strong durable rocks |
| igneous rocks form from ? | the cooling and hardening of hot molten rock |
| magma | molten rock below the earth's surface |
| lava | magma that flows out onto earth's surface |
| intrusive | coarse- grained igneous rocks that cool slowly beneath the earth's surface |
| extrusive | fine- grained igneous rock that cools quickly onto earth's surface |
| texture | the size of the mineral , grains or crystal in rock |
| porphyritic texture | large crystals surrounded by smaller crystals |
| crystal size of igneous | cool fast - small crystals cool slow - large crystals |
| amount of gases in igneous | lots of gas - rough surface little gas- smooth surface |
| mafic | gabbro , biotite , olivine - thinner and moves faster low silica content and is dark colored |
| felsic | quartz , feldspar. thicker and moves slower. high silica content and is light colored |
| ultra mafic | periodtite , dunite . low silica , high Mg and Fe. from upper mantle close to crust and fractional crystallization |
| Sedimentary rock are formed when ? | there is compacting and cementing of layers of sediment |
| clastic are formed from ? | fragments of other rocks after weathering and erosion - rounded corners |
| three natural cementing agents | silt , clay and mud |
| sorting of sediments in a river occurs? | biggest on bottom finest on top |
| three examples of clastic sedimentary | coarse grained - conglomerates medium grained- sandstone fine grained - shale |
| chemical are formed by ? | when minerals precipitate out of solution by evaporation or chemical action. |
| two examples of chemical rock are? | evaporites- halite , calcite, gypsum chemical action |
| organics are formed ? | from the remains of once living things |
| examples of organic sedimentary are? | ocean organisms - calcium , carbonate, limestone. Plant material- coal |
| metamorphic rocks are formed when? | when rock changes form while remaining solid by heat and pressure |
| regional metamorphism occurs when? | high temperature and pressure affect large regions of earth's crust |
| regional metamorphism happens in ? | mountain buildings |
| regional metamorphism's often result in foliation? | wavy layers and bands of minerals (schist) nonfoliated- no layers or bands( marble, quartzite) |
| examples of regional metamorphism | garnet, talc . limestone --> marble . shale --> schist . sandstone--> quartzite |
| contact metamorphism occurs when | hot magma bakes existing rick in small , local areas - often from igneous intrusions |
| effects of contact metamorphism reach? | usually thin zones - extrusive rocks |
| example of contact metamorphism | granite --> gneiss |
| hydrothermal metamorphism | when very hot water bakes rock to alter chemistry and minerals |
| sediments | pieces of solid material that have been deposited on earth's surface by wind, water , ice gravity or chemical precipitation |
| bedding | horizontal layering of sedimentary rocks. type depends on transport method |
| graded bedding | heaviest particles on bottom |
| cross bedding | inclined layers of sediment |
| mechanical weathering | breaking of rock by physical means. happen in cold , dry climates . no change in composition |
| temperature change | cause- day- sun warms rock surface. night- surface cools repeated expansion and contraction effect- cause rock to crack and expose underlying layers |
| wind abrasion | cause- wind carrying sand, dust and rock particles ling distances effect- rocks are polished and flattened on the windward side |
| animal weathering | cause- animals digging burrows or searching for food- earthworms effect- burrows allow wind and rain to weather rocks from inside |
| plant weathering | cause- wind carries seed to cracks in rocks - tree roots effect- root applies pressure in rock crack and widens it and splits pieces off ex. roots lift sidewalks |
| ice wedging | cause- repeated thawing and freezing of water in cracks of rocks effect- ice expands and widens cracks causes porous rocks |
| water abrasion | cause- rivers streams and waterfalls carry rock and sand that abrade rocks effect- rock wear down often rounding them |
| exfoliation | cause- exposed bedrock is able to expand due to less pressure effect- long curved cracks form existing cracks. widen and outer layers of rock are peeled off one by one like an onion |
| Climate | 1. precipitation 2. temperature ( greatest effect together) 3. evaporation |
| Rock type and composition | sedimentary rocks are most easily weathered. igneous and metamorphic rocks resist weathering |
| surface area | mechanical weathering breaks rocks into pieces. as pieces get smaller their surface area increases and chemical weathering occurs easier . |
| Topography | more weathering on slopes as rocks move. amount of organic matter- more chemical weathering |
| Erosion | movement of weathered materials from one location to another by agents such as water, wind, glaciers and gravity |
| rill erosion | running water in small channels on side of slope |
| gully erosion | deeper and wider than rill erosion |
| deposition | when eroded materials are dropped in another location |
| coastal erosion | by ocean- ocean currents, waves and tides carve off cliff , arches etc. |
| barrier island | form when sand along shore line is repeatedly picked up, move and deposited by ocean currents |
| glacial erosion | glaciers scrape and gouge out large sections of earth. carry debris large distances. make parallel grooves on bedrock of valley walls. |
| wind erosion | happens most in dry hot areas with little vegetation. wind born particles cause major damage |
| humans and animals cause erosion by | animals digging , plant acids and human construction |
| Mass movement | the down slope movement of loose sediments and weathered rock- caused by gravity all occur on slopes |
| mass movement causes | gravity . materials resistance to flowing . earthquakes or other triggers. water- too much or too little |
| creep | slow steady downhill flow of loose weathered earth ( especially soils). signs- tilting of structures, bending trees, cracking walls |
| solifluction | water logged materials creeping where permafrost melts |
| flows | when earth materials flow as if they were a thick liquid . triggered by earthquakes, volcanoes or vibrations |
| slides | rapid, down slope movement of earth's materials when they separate from bedrock |
| rock slide | sheet of rock moving downhill on a sliding surface. rocks break up - create unsorted deposits. triggered by earthquakes |
| slumps | when a mass of landslid material rotates and slides along a curved surface . occurs in thick soils with moderate to steep slope. |
| avalanches | landslides in the mountainous areas with thick accumulations of snow. needs at least a 35 degree slope |
| rockfalls | occurs at high elevations steep road cuts or rocky shorelines- direct fall |
| glacier | mass movement of ice- carve valleys. creates moraines |
| moraines | ridges of glacial deposited materials |
| Prevention of mass movements | 1. dont build on slopes 2. good drainage systems 3. steel nets over slope 4. walls 5. controlled avalanches 6. educate people |
| chemical weathering | rocks undergo changes in composition due to chemical reactions. happen in warm, wet climates |
| oxidation | chemical reaction of oxygen with other substances. cause- iron in rock reacts with oxygen in air. effect- rust and iron bearing minerals are formed |
| hydration | reaction of water with other substances cause- water can dissolve kinds of minerals effect- rock break apart- decomposition of silicate minerals feldspar--> clay |
| carbonation | cause- H2O and CO2 in atmosphere causes carbonic acid- dissolves. silicates like mica and feldspar effect- mostly dissolved cakite in limestone causing caves, pits, holes and sink holes |
| acid precipitation | cause- oxidation of SO2 and NO2 from burning of fossils fuels to cause nitric acid effect- plants and fish in lakes are harmed, Corrosion of metals in rocks and they break apart |
| organic acids | cause- plants, fungi and lichens make acids that dissolve rocks effect- creates cracks in rocks where roots can grow and mechanical weathering occurs. |
| weathering | process by which rocks on or near earth's surface break down |
| weathering-> deposition-> compaction-> cementation | |
| porosity | porse base between rock grains |
| rock cycle | the continuous changing and remaking of rocks |
| *major form of weathering in? | desert |
| sedimentary rock | pieces of solid material that have been deposited on earth's surface by wind , water, ice gravity or chemical precipitation |
| igneous intrusions | magma comes up and surrounds ... you can find in gems |
| leaching | minerals carried to lower layers by water |
| lithification | physical and chemical processes that compact and cement into sedimentary rock |
Created by:
dk7
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