Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
BIO Ch 4 Nabor
Chapter 4 Ecosystems and Communities
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| weather | day to day conditions of Earth's atmosphere |
| climate | average conditions over long periods |
| factors of global climate | solar energy trapped in the biosphere, latitude, and the transport of heat by winds and ocean currents |
| solar energy | main force that shapes out climate. Arrives as sunlight and strikes the Earth's surface. |
| 3 gases found in the atmosphere | carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapor. This concentration of gases balances the heat that stays in the atmosphere and heat lost into space. |
| How to determine Earth's average temperature | the balance between heat that stays in the Earth's atmosphere and heat lost to space |
| greenhouse effect | greenhouse gasses function like glass in a greenhouse, allowing visible light to enter but trapping heat. |
| greenhouse concentration when Earth cools | concentration of gases fall and more heat escapes. |
| greenhouse concentration when Earth warms | concentration of gases rise and less heat escapes. |
| three climate zones | tropical, temperate, and polar |
| tropical zones | include the equator, and receives nearly direct sunlight all year. |
| temperate zones and polar zones | receive different amounts of solar energy throughout the year because the Earth is tilted. |
| purpose of wind and ocean currents | transport heat and moisture |
| upwelling | water rises in warmer regions |
| winds | warm air is less dense and rises. This transports warm air from regions of rising warmer air to regions of sinking cooler air. |
| surface water is pushed by___ | winds |
| tolerance | ability to survive and reproduce under a range of environmental circumstances. |
| habitat | the general place where an organism lives |
| homeostasis | stable temperature for an organism |
| upper and lower level of tolerance | the maximum and minimum ranges an animal can survive |
| niche | describes what an organism does and how it interacts with biotic and abiotic factors in an environment. Range of physical and biological conditions in which a species lives and the way the species obtains what it needs to survive. |
| resource | any necessity of life |
| examples of necessities for plants | sunlight, water and soil nutrients |
| examples of necessities for animals | nesting space, shelter, types of food, and places to feed |
| competitive exclusive principle | states that no species can occupy exactly the same niche in exactly the same habitat at exactly the same time. Species will compete for limited resources and one will be excluded. |
| example of species dividing resources | birds living on different branches of a tree. Each will have its own niche and resources. page 101 |
| predation | an interaction in which an animal captures and feeds on another animal. |
| predators | the animal that captures and feeds on other animals. |
| herbivory | an interaction in which one animal feeds on producers. |
| herbivores | animals that feed off plants and other producers. |
| keystone species | a single species whose population can change the structure of a community. |
| symbiosis | means "living together" any relationship in which two species live closely together |
| three main classes of symbiotic relationships in nature | mutualism, parasitism, and commensalism |
| mutualism | a relationship between species in which both benefit |
| example of mutualism | clownfish and sea anemone. the fish prevent other fish from harming the plant and the sea anemone prevent large predators from eating the clownfish by the use of stinging tentacles. |
| parasitism | relationship in which one organism lives inside or on another organism and harm it. |
| the parasite | lives in or on another organism. Obtains all or part of its nutrients from the host organism. Usually weaken but do not kill their host. |
| commensalism | a relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed. |
| ecological succession | a series of more or less predictable changes that occur in a community over time. Some species die out and new species move in. |
| ecosystems change over time, especially after____ | disturbances |
| primary succession | succession that begins in an area with no remnants of an older community. |
| pioneer species | first species to colonize barren areas |
| secondary succession | where a disturbance affects the community without completely destroying it. proceeds faster that primary succession. |
| human caused disturbances | ecosystems may or may not recover from extensive human caused disturbances. some ecosystems can change the climate and soil enough to prevent regrowth of the original community. |
| biomes | Earth's terrestrial ecosystems classified in groups of regional climate communities. Described in terms of abiotic and biotic factors. |
| abiotic factors include | climate and soil type |
| biotic factors include | plant and animal life |
| list of biomes | tropical rain forest, tropical dry forest, tropical grassland/savanna/shrubland, desert, temperate grassland, temperate woodland and grassland, temperate forest, northwestern coniferous forest, boreal forest, and the tundra |
| tropical rain forest | home to more species than all other biomes combined. |
| canopy | when tall trees form a dense, leafy covering |
| understory | a collection of shorter trees and vines forming a layer |
| abiotic factors of the tropical rain forest | hot and wet year round. nutrient poor soils subject to erosion. |
| biotic factors of the tropical rain forest | understory plants compete for sunlight. has poor shallow soil. many animals use camouflage to hide from predators. Animals that live in the canopies have adaptations for climbing, jumping and/or flight |
| tropical dry forest | rainy seasons alternate with dry seasons. a period of rain is often followed by a prolonged period of drought |
| abiotic factors of the tropical dry forest | warm year round, alternating dry and wet seasons |
| biotic factors of the tropical dry forest | seasonal loss of leaves. some plants have thick waxy layer on leaves to reduce water loss. many animals migrate or go into estivation during the dry season. |
| deciduous | a plant that sheds its leaves during a particular season |
| estivation | long periods of inactivity during the dry season. |
| tropical grassland/savanna/shrubland | receives more seasonal rain that deserts but less that tropical dry forests. grassy areas with isolated trees and shrubs. |
| abiotic factors of the tropical grassland/savanna/shrubland | warm, seasonal rainfall, compact soil and frequent fires by lightning. |
| biotic factors of the tropical grassland/savanna/shrubland | waxy leaf coverings on the leaves, grass grows from the base, so it can still grow after being grazed. many animals migrate, while smaller animals burrow and remain dormant during the dry season. |
| desert | receives less than 25 centimeters of precipitation a year. undergo extreme and daily temperature changes. |
| abiotic fatos of the desert | low precipitation, varying temperatures, soil rich in minerals but poor in organic material. |
| biotic factors of the desert | many plants store water in their tissues and minimize leaf surface area. many animals get the water they need from the food they eat. most animals are only active at night. |
Created by:
544
Popular Biology sets