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Bio Exam #2
Chemistry of Life
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are atoms? | Smallest unit of an element; make up molecules; depend on subatomic particles (protons, neutrons, electrons) |
| What are subatomic particles? | Protons, neutrons, and electrons (protons always equal electrons) |
| What is the structure of an atom? | Atoms like to be stable; each orbital has a limit to electrons (2,8,8); has a nucleus (contains protons and neutrons); electrons are on the orbitals |
| Atomic mass | # protons plus # neutrons |
| Atomic number | # protons in nucleus |
| What are chemical bonds? | The union between the electron structures of atoms; we join atoms together to form molecules via chemical bonds |
| What are the three types of bonds? | Ionic, covalent, hydrogen |
| Ionic Bond | bonding between ions; atoms that have lost or gained one or more electrons to give the atom a positive or negative charge |
| Covalent Bond | sharing electrons |
| Nonpolar Covalent Bond | shared electron is pulled equally (H2) |
| Polar Covalent Bond | shared electron is pulled unequally (H2O) |
| What about carbon makes it a key component of living organisms? | Carbon can form multiple covalent bonds |
| Why is water a good solvent? | Water molecules form hydrogen bonds; it's a polar molecule; a good solvent - can dissolve molecules |
| pH | the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution |
| What makes something acidic or alkaline? | pH levels (Acid is anything below 7 and Base is above a 7) |
| What are the four biomolecules? | Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids |
| Carbohydrates | monomer = sugar; primary function = energy; if it ends in 'ose' it is most likely a sugar |
| Proteins | monomers = amino acids; function = enzymes, structural support, body processes, nutrients |
| Enzymes | in order to break down starch into glucose we need enzymes |
| Enzyme Inhibitor | can bind to active site and block the subtrate from binding; can change shape of active site |
| Activation energy | Enzymes lower the activation energy |
| Salicylic Acid | willow tree; aspirin inhibits cox 1 and 2 |
| Lipids | fats and oils; functions = energy storage, cell membranes, cholesterol, sterioids; lipids are hydrophobic (don't mix with H2O); phospholipids define cell boundaries |
| Nucleic Acids | DNA and RNA; functions = store genetic material; blueprint; monomers = nucleotides; 3 components = sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base |
| 5 kinds of nitrogenous bases | Adenine, Cytosine, Thymine, Guanine, Uracil (ACTGU) |
| 3 types of sugars | Monosaccharide, Disaccharide, Polysaccharide |
| Monosaccharide | glucose, fructose |
| Disaccharide | when you add sucrose |
| Polysaccharide | complex carb = starch |
| Saturated Fats | Found in animal products and processed foods, such as meats, dairy products, chips, and pastries. The chemical structure of a saturated fat is fully saturated with hydrogen atoms, and does not contain double bonds between carbon atoms |
| Unsaturated Fats | Found foods such as nuts, avocados, and olives. They are liquid at room temperature and differ from saturated fats in that their chemical structure contains double bonds. <3 healthy! |
| Role of nitrogenous bases in nucleic acids | DNA - A always binds to T, C to G; RNA - A to U and C to G; sets the standard for information transferred from RNA to DNA |
| Prokaryote | single celled organism; exist in bacteria |
| Eukaryote | animals, plants, fungi, protists; single or multicelled organisms; no cell wall |
| Parts of eukaryotic cells | cell membrane encloses cytoplasm and organelle's; phospholipids; contain organelle's (double membrane structure) |
| What part of cells contribute to drug and alcohol tolerance in liver? | Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER); smooth = no ribosomes which makes lipids; rough (has ribosomes) which makes proteins. Smooth ER is related to drug and alcohol tolerance |
| Amalyse Enzyme | necessary enzyme to help break down starch in our mouth (saliva) |
| Tay-Sach's Disease | nerve disease; lysosome lacks enzyme |
| Animal vs Plant cell | Animal cells don't have a cell wall, chloroplast or vacuole |
| Osmosis in relation to bacterial cells | osmosis is the diffusion of water across a cell membrane; antibiotics attack bacterial cell walls; cell walls become hypotonic (solution concentration lower outside of cell); cell gains water; becomes bloated; cell opens |
| Theory of Endosymbosis | that mitochondria, chloroplasts, and possibly other organelles of eukaryotic cells, originate through symbiosis between multiple microorganisms. |
| How do substances move across a cell membrane? | Passive (without energy) and Active transport (with energy) |
| Passive Transport | down a concentration gradient; molecules move from high --> low concentration (diffusion, channel proteins, carrier proteins) |
| Active Transport | up a concentration gradient; molecules move from low --> high concentration (carrier proteins) |
| Osmosis | diffusion of water across cell membrane; water moves from an area with high concentration to low |
| Isotonic | concentration is the same in and out of cell (cells do not gain or lose water) |
| Hypertonic | solute concentration is higher outside of cell |
| Hypotonic | solute concentration is lower outside of cell; cell gains water; cell becomes bloated; plants readily exist here |
| Calories | units of energy |
| How does our body deal with excess calories in our blood? | glycogen: used in our body as short term energy storage; stored in muscle and liver; triglycerides: lipid found in fat cells, used for long term energy storage when glycogen is all stored up; stored in fat cells |
| BMI | height vs weight; does NOT measure % body fat |
| Sardinians | grow their own food; eat as family |
| Okinawans | do not consume energy-dense food; 300% higher in green and yellow vegetables; sweet potatoes as a staple; 20% lower in calories than rest of Japan; 7-10% fat |
| Seventh Day Adventists | no drinking, smoking, and vegetarian |
| Herbivore | plants |
| Carnivore | meats |
| Detritivore | decomposers |
| Omnivore | meats and plants |
| Flow of food through digestive system | Food-->Digest-->Usable vs Unabsorbable nutrients/material-->molecules and ions vs energy from nutriends (comes from usable nutrients) |
| 4 Essential Nutrients | Proteins, carbs, lipids, dietary fiber |
| Protein food | meat, eggs, dairy, fruit, nuts |
| Carb food | beans, nuts, dairy, whole grain |
| Lipid food | meat, poultry, fish, seafood |
| Dietary Fiber food | legumes, beans, wheat, bran |
| Amino Acids | 28 amino acids in our body, 8 essentail grains and legumes |
| Dietary Fiber | comes from plants; whole grain has bran |
| Fatty Acids | Omega-3 and Omega-6 are essential fatty acids, they are important for energy storage |
| Vitamins | nutrients; don't supply energy; aid metobolic reaction (there are 13 total vitamins) |
| Vitamin C | maintains collagen; bones and teeth; prevents SCURVY |
| Vitamin D | bone health; RICKETS |
| Vitamin B9 | develop bone, muscle, brain tissue; essential in pregnancy |
| Vitamin B3 | healthy skin, hair, eyes, liver; improves circulation; PRELLAGRA |
| Fat-soluble Vitamins | absorbed in intenstine using lipids (stored) |
| Water-soluble Vitamins | not stored; excreted from body in urine |
| Minerals | (20+ elements) macrominerals and trace elements |
| Macrominerals | there are 11; sodium, calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, potassium |
| Trace elements | iodine and iron |
| Goiter | iodine deficiency |
| Anemia | iron deficiency |
| Food currency | ATP |
| What types of molecules are the most energy dense? | Fat |
Created by:
cooper057
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