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Genetics Vocabulary
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| chromosomes | threadlike structure within the nucleus containing the genetic information that is passed from one generation of cells to the next |
| DNA | nucleic acid that contains the sugar deoxyribose |
| genes | sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait |
| protein synthesis | the process of making proteins, two parts (transcription and translation) |
| transcription | process in which part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied into a complementary sequence of RNA |
| translation | decoding of a mRNA message into a protein |
| mRNA | messanger RNA, carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell |
| tRNA | transfer RNA, type of RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis |
| ribosome | site of protein synthesis |
| RNA Polymerase | The enzyme that unzips and copies DNA during transcription |
| codon | three-nucleotide sequence of messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid |
| amino acid | the building block of protein |
| peptide bond | the type of bond that keeps amino acids together |
| protein | a macromolecule needed by the body for growth and repair and to make up enzymes |
| mutation | A change in the arrangement of bases in an individual gene or in the structure of the chromosome (which changes the arrangement of genes) |
| substitution | when one base is switched with another |
| insertion | when one base is added into the sequence |
| deletion | when one base is removed from the sequence |
| random/spontaneous, mutagens (UV, X-Rays, Chemicals) | causes of mutations |
| PKU | a genetic disorder where your body doesn't have the protein to break down the amino acid phenylalanine |
| Down Syndrome | a genetic disorder caused by nondisjunction |
| Sickle Cell Anemia | a genetic disorder that causes crescent shape red blood cells |
| gamete | sex cell (egg/sperm) |
| diploid cell | cell that has both sets of chromosomes (humans 46) |
| haploid cell | cell that has half the number of chromosomes (humans 23) |
| fertilization | when two haploid cells join to form a diploid cell |
| meiosis | type of cell division in which gametes are produced |
| 4 | the number of haploid cells produced during meiosis |
| crossing over | process in which portions of chromosome pairs exchange portions during meiosis |
| genetic variation | differences among genes |
| inheritance | the passing of traits from parent to child |
| phenotype | physical characteristic (ex; brown hair) |
| genotype | the gene that determines the phenotype (Hh) |
| dominant | a trait that masks a recessive trait |
| recessive | a trait that is masked by a dominant trait, two must be present in order to be expressed |
| homozygous | same alleles (ex: HH, hh) |
| heterozygous | different alleles (ex: Hh) |
| punnett square | diagram showing the gene combination that might result from a genetic cross |
| incomplete dominance | situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another (ex: flowers) |
| codominance | situation in which both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype of the organisms |
| autosomal inheritance | genes found on chromosomes 1-22 that are inherited |
| sex-linked inheritance | genes found on chromosome 23 that are inherited |
| Huntington's Disease | Autosomal dominant inherited disease, progressive loss of muscle and brain function |
| Cystic Fibrosis | autosomal recessive inherited disease, thick and sticky mucus stick to lungs and airways |
| X-Linked Disease | a disease found on the 23rd X chromosome |
| colorblindness | an X-linked recessive disorder that is found on the X chromosome, mainly in males, red-green is most common |
| hemophilia | an X-linked recessive disorder that is found on the X chromosome, mainly in males, blood can't clot properly |
| pedigree | chart that shows the relationships with a family and traces one trait at a time |
| karyotype | a set of photographs of chromosomes grouped in order in pairs |
| nondisjunction | when the chromosome fails to separate during meiosis |
Created by:
jessicagiorgione
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