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BIO205-CH5-Micmetabo
BIO205 - Ch 5 - Microbial Metabolism - RioSalado - AZ
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Chemoautotrophs | CO2, iron, sulfer, hydrogen gas, & ammonia |
| Catabolic reactions __. | produce energy |
| Anabolic reactions __. | use energy |
| Catabolic reactions are generally __ reactions and __. | hydrolytic - reactions that use H2O to break bonds; exergonic - produce more energy than they consume. |
| Example of catabolism. | When cells break down sugars into CO2 & water. |
| Anabolism reactions are __ reactions & involve __ synthesis & are __. | biosynthetic - dehydration (reactions that release water); endergonic - consume more energy than they release. |
| Examples of anabolic reaction. | Formation of proteins from amino acids & mucleic acids from nucleotides. |
| __ reactions provide building blocks for __ reactions. | catabolic - anabolic |
| __ stores energy derived from catabolic reactions. | ATP |
| __ reactions are coupled to ATP breakdown. | Anabolic |
| __ reactions are coupled to ATP synthesis. | Catabolic |
| A cell's metabolic pathways are determined by its _. | enzymes - which are determined by cell's genetic makeup. |
| 3 factors that determine if collision will cause chemical reaction. | (velocities of colliding particles, (2) their energy, (3) chemical configurations. |
| The collision energy required for chemical reaction is its __. | activation energy - energy required to disrupt stable electron configuration of specific molecule to rearrange electrons. |
| The frequency of collisions containing sufficient energy to bring about reaction. | Reaction rate - depends on the number of reactant molecules at or above activation energy level. |
| Two ways to increase reaction rate. | Raise temperature - molecules move faster & raise pressure increases concentration. |
| __ increases reaction rate without raising temperature. | enzymes |
| The __ formed by temporary binding of enzyme & reactants lowers activation energy of reaction. | enzyme - substrate complex |
| The specificity of enzymes is made possible by their __. | structures |
| Turn over number describes? | Max number of substrate molecules an enzyme molecule can convert to products each second. |
| Protein portion of enzyme. | apoenzyme |
| Nonprotein portion of enzyme. | cofactor - iron, zinc, magnesium, calcium, etc. |
| Apoenzymes are __ by themselves & must be __ by cofactors. | inactive - activated |
| Together, the apoenzymes & cofactor form a __. | holoenzyme - whole, activated enzyme. |
| Many coenzymes are derrived from __. | vitamins - like NAD+ & NADP+ - both come from vitamin B niacin & are electron carriers. |
| Factors that influence enzyme activity. | Temperature, pH, substrate, concentration, presence/absence of inhibitors. |
| Why is there a reduced reaction rate beyond optimal temperature? | The enzyme denatures - loses its 3-D structure. |
| Why does pH alter enzyme function? | H+ & OH- compete with hydrogen & ionic bonds & causes denaturation. |
| How do competitive inhibitors operate? | Bind reversibility or irreversibly with enzyme & fill active site of enzymes. |
| Allosteric inhibition | noncompetitive inhibitor binds to allosteric site of enzyme, not substrate active site. |
| What does allosteric inhibition do to active site of enzyme? | Causes active site to change shape and become nonfunctional or functional. |
| Allosteric inhibitors play a role in __. | feedback inhibition |
| Feedback inhibition generally acts on __. | the first enzyme in a metabolic pathway. |
| ribozyme | Unique type of RNA that functions as catalyst and act on RNA strands. |
| __ is the removal of electrons from atom or molecule, that often produces energy. | oxidation |
| __ gaining one or more electrons. | reduction |
| redox reaction | Oxidation and reduction reactions are always coupled - one substance is oxidized & another is simulationeously reduced. |
| Most biological oxidations involve loss of __ atoms and are called __ reactions. | hydrogen - dehydrogenation |
| Glucose has many __ atoms & are highly __, containing a large amount of potential energy. | hydrogen atoms - reduced. |
| Much of the energy released during oxi-red reaction is trapped in cell by __. | formation of ATP - one phosphate added to ADP with input of energy. |
| The symbol "~" designates? | A high energy bond that is readily broken to release usable energy. |
| 3 mechanisms of phosphorylation. | (1) substrate - level, (2) oxidative, & (3) photophosphorylation. |
| Substrate-level phosphorylation | ATP generated when phosphate directly transferred to ADP |
| Oxidative phosphorylation | Electrons transferred from organic compounds to carriers (NAD+ & FAD) - electron transport chain - releases energy to generate ATP from ADP. |
| Electron transport chain uses which type of non-photosynthetic phosphorylation mechanism? | Oxidative phosphorylation |
| photophosphorylation | in photosynthetic cells - water & CO2 plus pigments - convert light energy to ATP & NADPH using electron transportation chain. |
| Almost every reaction in metabolic pathway is __. | catalyzed by a specific enzyme |
| Most organisms __ as their primary source of cellular energy. | oxidize carbohydrates - carbohydrate catabolism |
| Glycolysis is the oxidation of __ to __. | glucose to pyruvic acid |
| Krebs cycle is oxidation of __ to __. | acetyl CoA - CO2 |
| In electron transport chain __ and __ are oxidized. | NADH & FADH2 |
| Embden-Meyerhof pathway | glycolysis |
| Net gain of __ molecules of ATP for each glucose that is oxidized. | 2 |
| Pentose phosphate pathway | Operates in bacteria alongside glycolysis - net gain of one ATP from glucose oxidized. |
| Entner-doudoroff pathway | in bacteria - gram-negative |
| decarboxylation | losing 1 molecule of CO2 |
| Types of chem reaction in Krebs cycle | decarboxylation, oxidation-reduction, & substrate-level phosphorylation |
| The CO2 we exhale is due to? | CO2 produced from Krebs cycle in most cells. |
| What are the most important products of Krebs? | NADH & FADH2 - because they contain most of the energy orginally stored in glucose. |
| 3 classes of carrier molecules in ETC. | Flavoproteins, cytochromes & coenzyme Q |
| Function of transport chain is to? | Release energy from higher-energy compounds to lower-energy compounds. |
| The buildup of __ on one side of membrane provides energy for generation of ATP by chemiosmotic mechanism. | protons |
| Mechanism of ATP synthesis using ETC is __. | chemiosmosis - proton diffusion across membrane releases energy & is used to synthesize ATP. |
| Where do chemiosmosis occur in eukaryotes? Prokaryotes? | Inner mitochondrial membrane - ATP synthase at plasma membrane. |
| Where does chemiosmosis occur in photophosphorylation? | The thylakoid membrane. |
| Total number of ATP generated from chemiosmosis? | 34 |
| Total number of ATP generated from aerobic respiration among prokaryotes? | 38 |
| Total number of ATP generated from aerobic respiration among eukaryotes? | 36 |
| Why less ATP generated in eukaryote than prokaryote? | Some energy loss at mitochondrial membrane - prokaryotes don't use mitochondrial membrane. |
| Name some final acceptors for anaerobic respiration. | nitrate ion (NO3-), sulfate (SO4^2-), carbonate (CO3^2-) |
| Fermentation | Releases energy from sugars or organic molecules without oxygen, no Krebs or ETC, & small ATP result - generates NAD+ & NADP+ to continue glycolysis. |
| In fermentation, ATP is generated __. | only during glycolysis |
| homolactic | microbes that produce only lactic acid through fermentation. |
| heterolactic | microbes that produce only lactic acid and alcohols. |
| deamination | Breaking down amino acids so they can be catabolized. |
| carbon fixation | synthesis of sugar using carbon atoms from CO2 gas - necessary for photosynthesis. |
| light-dependent reaction - photophosphorylation | light absorbed by chlorophyll in thylakoids, ETC, & ATP converted to ATP by chemiosmosis. |
| Calvin-Bensen cycle - light -independent reaction. | CO2 is fixed to synthesize sugars |
| Which molecule is used to synthesize sugars in Calvin-Benson cycle? | CO2 |
| Chemotrophs | Depend on oxidation - reduction reaction for energy - most animal, fungi, protozoa, & bacteria |
| heterotrophs feed? | on others |
| autotrophs feed? | themselves using CO2 |
| saphrophytes | live on dead organic matter |
| parasites | derive nutrients from living host |
| amination | adding an amine group to pyruvic acid to make an amino acid - building blocks of life. |
| Joining of amino acids to form proteins involves? | dehydration synthesis & requires ATP |
| Amphibolic pathway | Metabolic pathways used for both anabolism & catabolism - dual purpose. |
Created by:
Ladystorm
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