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radiobiology
radiobiology flash cards
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau states | that stem cells are more radiosensitive than mature cells |
| The ___ is the unit of dose equivalent or occupational exposure. | rem |
| The unit of radiation quantity is the | roentgen |
| Radiation-induced skin reddening is the definition of | erythemia |
| Mutagenesis is | the causing of genetic mutation by radiation |
| The most radioresistent phase of the cell is | late S-phase |
| LET (linear energy transfer) describes | a measure of the rate at which energy is deposited as a charged particle travels through matter (described in terms of keV/micrometer) |
| As LET increase, how is relative biologic effectiveness (RBE) affected | with an increase in LET, RBE also increases |
| How is the lethal dose required to kill 50% of the population in 60 days expressed | LD50/60 |
| The LD50/60 is approximately | 250/300 rads |
| The three defined acute radiation syndromes are | hemopoietic gastrointestinal (GI) central nervous system (CNS) |
| The dose range for the onset of of the gastrointestinal syndrome is | approximately 600 to 10,000 R |
| Responses to acute total body doses are divided into four stages. List in order from the first stage to fourth stage | prodromal latent manifest recovery/death |
| What are some symtoms seen in the prodromal stage | nausea vomiting diarrhea anorexia |
| Desquamation is the ___ of skin. | peeling |
| Doses of ___ produce temporary sterility and an acute dose of ___ will cause permanent sterility. | 200 rads 500 to 600 rads |
| Death from a single dose of whole body irradiation primarily involves damage to the | bone marrow |
| Radiation-induced genetic damage can occur as the result of a single mutation. (T or F) | True |
| Stochastic effects do not occur randomly in nature. ( T or F) | False |
| The chance of radiation-induced leukemia is considerably greater after an exposure to a dose at 1 Gy than at 1 cGy, but there will be no difference in the severity of the disease if it occurs. (T or F) | True |
| What is the minimum radiation level in which no genetic or somatic damage would occur? | no minimum level exists |
| Structural changes in chromosomes that occur after irradiation are referred to as | aberrations lesions anomalies |
| Dose-response curves have been created by scientists who predict cancer risks in human populations that have been exposed to low levels of ionization radiation. (T or F) | True |
| Leukemia can be ___ (rapid and severe) or ___ (slow and progressive). | acute chronic |
| Leukemia may be either ___ in lymphoid tissue) or ___ (in marrow). | lymphoid myeloid |
| What is the most common end point for the response of cells to radiation? | reproductive failure |
| The ___ phase is the most sensitive to radiation. | M phase |
| What are the four progressive tissue responses easily observe in the skin of an irradiated patient where the dose exceeds 50 Gy? | epilation erythema dry desquamation wet desquamation |
| As a tumor grows, a substantial part of the tumor becomes ___; this makes it critical to detect and begin treatment to tumors as soon as possible following a definitive diagnosis. | hypoxic |
| What are the four R's of radiobiology? | repair reoxygenation repopulation redistribution or reassortment) |
| The TD 5/5 indicates the dose required to cause a 5% chance of injury to people irradiated within ___ following exposure. | 5 years |
| The TD 5/5 for the whole kidney using standard fractionation is approximately ___ | 2300 cGy |
| The production of free radicals most often occurs from the irradiation of ___ | water |
| Protracted or fractionated doses are better tolerated by tissue than single doses because: | tissue repair occurs between exposures |
| Epilation may initially be observed in patients receiving radiation under standard fractionation schemes at an approximate does of: | 15 Gy |
| Radiation interacts with tissue (uniformly/randomly). | randomly |
| The period over which radiation is delivered is referred to as the (protraction/fractionation). | protraction |
| The most radiosensitive tissue group among the following is the: central nervous system alimentary tract muscle cardiovascular system | alimentary tract (e.g. epithelial cells) |
| The effect of radiation on tissue is influenced by: radiation type fractionation volume of tissue irradiated total dose | all 4 influence the effect of radiation on tissue |
| At doses above ___ Gy, you may see latent stricture in the esophagus during standard fractionation. | 60 Gy |
| The onset dose for wet desquamation during standard fractionation is: | 40 Gy |
| The TD 5/5 is (higher/lower) for bone marrow irradiation in a single dose than in fractionated doses. | lower |
| Normal tissue healing following radiation occurs by: | regeneration or repair |
| The development of radiation-induced cancer is known as a (deterministic/stochastic)affect. | stochastic |
| Radiation sickness symptoms associated with the reduced number of leukocytes is a major characteristic of ___. | Hematopoietic syndrome |
| Erythematous skin reactions during fractionated radiation therapy are seen as a result of ___. | vascular dilation in the area |
| Equal doses of different LET radiations do not produce the same biological effect. (T or F) | True |
| The cardinal signs of injury in tissues following radiation are: | redness swelling heat pain |
| As the dose of radiation increases, tissue recovery time ___. | decreases |
| The TD 5/5 for the ovary is (higher/lower) than the TD 5/5 for the lung. | lower |
| Irradiation of the salivary glands may lead to permanent xerostomia above doses of ___ using the typical 2 Gy per treatment, 5 treatments per week fractionation scheme. | 40 Gy |
| When radiation exposure is fractionated: | the biological effect is lessened |
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hwolfe0208
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