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Articulations
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| articulation | aka "joint". a place where 2 bones come together, regardless of whether they are moveable at that point. |
| arthrology | study of the anatomy, function, dysfunction & treatment of joints |
| kinesiology | study of musculoskeletal movement |
| biomechanics | deals with a broad range of motions & mechanical processes |
| ROM | Rang of Motion: joint flexibility, i.e. the degrees through which a joint can move |
| how are articulations named? give an example | according to the bones (or parts of bones) that are involved. EX "radioulnar joint" |
| how are articulations classified | according to function, i.e. how freely the bones of the joint can move. also according to structure, i.e. the manner in which bones are joined |
| what are the 4 FUNCTIONAL classifications of joints and what do they mean? | synostoses = bony joints = joints with no movement synarthroses = joint with little or no movement amphiarthroses = slightly moveable diarthroses = freely moveable |
| what are the 4 STRUCTURAL classifications of joints? which functional classification are they matched with? | 1)bony joints = synostoses 2)fibrous joints= synarthroses 3)cartilagenous joints = amphiarthroses 4)synovial joints = diarthroses |
| Bony joint (think bony fusion of two bones) | "synostosis" : an immoveable joint in which 2 bones that were once separate have become fused by osseous tissue and in most cases are then regarded as a single bone. |
| 4 examples of bony joints? | epiphyseal line, mandible, frontal bone, cranial bones in elderly people |
| epiphyseal line = bony joint. explain. | formed by ossification of cartilagenous joint (that exists in childhood & adolescence) between the epiphyses & diaphyses of long bones. this fuses in early adulthood, which makes the epiphyseal line (no longer cartilage, it is just a bony fusion). |
| mandible = bony joint. explain | an infant is born with right and left mandible bones which soon fuse seamlessly into a single mandible bone w a bony fusion down the center |
| frontal bone = bony joint. explain | an infant is born with left and right frontal bones which soon fuse seamlessly into a single frontal bone with a bony fusion down the center |
| cranial bones in the elderly = bony joints. explain | in old age, cranial sutures are obliterated by ossification, and adjacent cranial bones fuse into one bony helmet |
| Fibrous joints | "synarthroses": consist of 2 adj. bones united by FCT. Collagen fibers emerge from one bone, cross the space b/w them & penetrate into the other bone. There is no joint cavity & they exhibit little or no movemnt (dependng on length of the conncting fibers |
| another name for bony joint | synostosis |
| another name for fibrous joint | synarthroses |
| what are the three main types of fibrous joints? | sutures, gomphoses, syndesmoses |
| suture | seam between the bones of the skull. an immoveable joint (only occurs in skull) in which dense FCT interdigitates between cranial bones |
| moveability of bony joint? (include AKA) | AKA synostosis, = immoveable |
| moveability of fibrous joint? (include AKA) | AKA synarthrosis, = exhibit little or no movement (depending on length of connecting fibers) |
| moveabiity of cartilagenous joint? (include AKA) | AKA amphiarthroses= slightly moveable |
| moveability of synovial joint? (include AKA) | AKA diarthrosis= freely moveable |
| synostoses are.. | bony joints |
| synarthroses are... | fibrous joints |
| amphiarthroses are... | cartilagenous joints |
| diarthroses are... | synovial joints |
| explain the structure of the suture | periosteum continues from adjacent cranial bones, right over the dense fibrous connective tissue/suture. so 2 layers of periosteum plus the dense FCT form the sutural ligament. |
| ligament of a suture is called... | sutural ligament |
| sutural ligament | ligament of the suture, formed by the 2 layers of periosteum (that continue from adjacent cranial bones right over the FCT) plus the dense FCT |
| gomph- | "nail" or "bolt" gomphosis |
| gomphoses | specialized joints consisting of pegs that fit into sockets & are held firmly in place by fine bundles of dense FCT |
| example of gomphosis | joint between tooth & bony socket (alveolus) |
| what is the main ligament of a gomphosis? | periodontal ligament |
| periodontal ligament | in the gomphosis between tooth & bony socket (alveolus). the tooth is held firmly in place by PL, which consists of collagen fibers that extend from bone matrix of jaw into the dental tissue |
| movement in gomphosis? | allows very slight movement (periodontal ligament allows the tooth to move or give a little under the stress of chewing, which lets us know how hard we are biting) |
| syndesmosis | a fibrous joint in which 2 bones are farther apart than in a suture/gomphosis and are jointd by fibrous ligaments. some movement may occur in these joints because ligaments are relatively longer (than other fibrous joints) and are flexible |
| which allows the most movement of fibrous joints? | syndesmosis |
| example of a syndesmosis? | radioulnar syndesmosis |
| radioulnar syndesmosis | especially moveable syndesmosis that exists between the shafts of the radius & ulna, which are joined by broad fibrous interosseous membrane along most of the length of the bone. This membrane allows pronation & supination of forearm. |
| interosseous membrane: what is it, where is it, allows for movement and why? | broad fibrous tissue that exists between the shafts of two long bones, joining them along most of the length of the bone. allows for relatively more movement because the connecting fibers are relatively longer (than in other fibrous joints) |
| interosseous ligament | continuous w interosseous membrane, composed of fibers which connect rough surfaces where two long bones meet. |
| where is another syndesmosis (besides radioulnar).. | between tibia and fibia = tibiofibular syndesmosis |
| cartilagenous joints | unite 2 bones by means of either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage |
| what are the two types of cartilagenous joints? | synchondroses & symphyses |
| synchondrosis | consists of hyaline cartilage uniting 2 bones |
| symphysis | consists of fibrocartilage uniting 2 bones |
| two examples of synchondroses? | epiphyseal plate of growing bones, costosternal synchondroses |
| epiphyseal line is example of synchondrosis. explain | it is a temporary synchondrosis that unites the epiphysis and diaphysis with hyaline cartilage. it fuses into a synostosis in adulthood |
| costosternal synchondroses | a synchondrosis that unites most ribs with the sternum via costal cartilage (which is bars of hyaline cartilage) |
| costocartilage | bars of hyaline cartilage. unites most ribs with the sternum. |
| two examples of symphyses? | intervertebral discs & pubic symphysis |
| intervertebral discs = example of symphysis. explain. | the discs form symphyses because they unite two vertebrae via fibrocartilage (= outer ring of disc). |
| what movement do intervertebral discs allow? | each disc permits only slight movement between adjacent vertebrae, but collective effect of all 23 discs give spine considerable flexibility |
| pubic symphysis | unites 2 pubic bones with a fibrocartilagenous interpubic disc. |
| the epiphyseal line is what type of joint? | bony joint/synostosis |
| the mandible is what type of joint? | synostosis/bony joint |
| the frontal bone is what type of joint? | bony joint/synostosis |
| the cranial bones of elderly people are what kind of joint? | bony joint/synostosis |
| sutures are what kind of joint? | fibrous joint/synarthrosis |
| seams between bones of the skull? | sutures |
| gomphoses are what type of joint? | fibrous joint/synarthrosis |
| periodontal ligament is found in what type of joint? | gomphosis |
| syndesmoses are what type of joint? | fibrous/synarthrosis |
| interosseous membrane is found in what type of joint? | syndesmosis |
| synchondroses are what kind of joint? | cartilagenous joint/amphiarthrosis |
| hyaline cartilage makes up what kind of joint? | synchondrosis |
| fibrocartilage makes up what kind of joint? | symphysis |
| label the fibrous joints/synarthroses | (see page 3) |
| label the cartilagenous joints/amphiarthroses | (see page 4) |
Created by:
kalmetina
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