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BiologyTest002
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Gametes | Egg and Sperm |
| Variations of Meiosis | 1.)Crossing over (Prophase I) 2.)Random Distribution of Maternal + Paternal Chromosomes (Metaphase I) 3.) Fertilization |
| Cells are... | Haploids |
| Diploid | two of each chromosomes (1 from mom and 1 from dad) |
| Cancerous Cells | the only cells where checkpoints no longer function |
| One of cells stretched out is how long? | 2 meters (6ft) |
| Nucleus of a cell is how long? | 5 um in diameter |
| DNA copies in the... | S phase |
| Mitosis | equal distrution to each cell |
| Meiosis | production of gametes |
| Mitosis List of Phases | Interphase, Prophase Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase/Cytokinesis |
| catabolism | breaking stuff down, ex. cellular respiration |
| anabolism | building stuff up, ex. Photosynthesis |
| Aerobic Respiration | Requires oxygen |
| Anaerobic Respiration | Requires no oxygen |
| Vmax | maximum rate of a reaction |
| Km | measure of how well the enzyme is able to bind to the substrate |
| enzyme inhibition (3) | reversible, feedback, irreversible |
| Metabolism (two classifications) | Anabolism, Catabolism |
| energy | capacity to do work, which is any change in the state or motion of matter |
| Potential energy | capacity to do work owing to position or state |
| chemical energy | potential energy stored in chemical bonds |
| kinetic energy | energy of motion |
| thermal energy | electromagnetic (light) energy |
| first law of thermodynamics | energy cannot be created or destroyed |
| exergonic reaction | releases energy |
| endergonic reaction | requires energy |
| second law of thermodynamics | no energy transfer is 100% efficient |
| free energy | G expressed as kJ/mol or kcal/mol |
| exergonic _________ G | decreases |
| endergonic ________ G | increases |
| ATP | -7.6 kcal/mol |
| Reduction | gain electrons, gain hydrogens, GAIN ENERGY, Lose oxygen |
| Oxidation | Lose electrons, lose hydrogens, LOSE ENERGY, gain oxygen |
| ATP Phosphate group | three |
| ADP Phosphate group | two |
| Pi phosphate group | zero |
| adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | Energy currency of the cell; composed of a nitrogenous base, ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups |
| atmosphere | Blanket of gases surrounding the Earth |
| metabolism | All vital chemical reactions taking place in an organism, particularly those having to do with energy use and waste excretion. |
| substrate | Any reactant in a biochemical process; usually something that is acted upon by an enzyme |
| ATP synthase | Enzyme responsible for linking the third phosphate group to ADP, forming ATP |
| citric acid cycle | Second stage of aerobic respiration; pyruvate is completely broken down, forming NADH and FADH2. |
| electron transport chain | Last stage in aerobic respiration; electrons from the energy carriers transferred to oxygen, generating ATP. |
| acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) | Formed by the removal of a carbon from pyruvate, this molecule enters the citric acid cycle |
| FADH2 | One of the electron carriers in cellular respiration |
| NADH | One of the electron carriers in cellular respiration. |
| glycolysis | The first step in respiration where glucose is broken down into two three-carbon molecules called pyruvate |
| autotroph | An organism that can rely solely on itself for nutrients and not other organisms; an organism that produces nutrients from light or chemical energy and biochemical processes; examples are photosynthetic organisms |
| chlorophyll | Primary pigment in plants; absorbs light in photosynthesis |
| chloroplast | Organelle which has chlorophyll and carries out photosynthesis |
| heterotroph | An organism that must acquire energy from other organisms |
| photosynthesis | Use of light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into more complex organic molecules |
| stroma | Area outside the thylakoid membrane |
| thylakoid | Stacked clusters of disks called grana |
| C3 photosynthesis | Most common pathway of photosynthesis in the world; a 3-carbon molecule is brought into the Calvin cycle |
| C4 photosynthesis | Able to produce more carbohydrates than C3 plants; uses more ATP and NADPH to keep RuBisCO from carrying out photorespiration; carbon stored as a 4-carbon molecule |
| crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) | Common in xeric environments, carbon dioxide is stored as crassulacean acid |
| glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate | Final electron acceptor in the Calvin cycle |
| carbon fixation reactions | A collective set of reactions by which which the cell converts or fixes inorganic carbon from carbon dioxide into organic carbon |
| granum | A disc-like structure that exists in a stacks (grana) inside a chloroplast; the thylakoid membrane of a granum contains photosynthetic pigments, the main site for light reactions of photosynthesis |
| linear electron flow | Transfer of light energy to an electron in photosystem II. |
| photophosphorylation | Separation of electrostatic charges that allow ATP synthase to build ATP. |
| photosystem | Many pigment-protein complexes organized to harvest light energy |
| photosystem I | Photosystem with absorption peak at 700 nm; occurs after photosystem II. |
| photosystem II | First part of photosynthesis; peak absorption at 680 nm |
| primary electron acceptor | High-energy electrons are passed to this central molecule |
| Ribulose biphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (RuBisCO) | Most common enzyme on Earth; binds a carbon dioxide molecule to ribulose bisphosphate as it enters the Calvin cycle |
| anaphase | Shortest stage of mitosis: proteins of the centromere linking the chromatids cut apart and the sister chromatids separate |
| centromere | DNA-protein complex which attaches the two sister chromatids |
| centrosome | Organizes the microtubules of the spindle during mitosis. |
| chromatin | DNA and proteins that make up the chromosomes |
| chromosome | Tightly coiled form of the DNA-protein complex. |
| G1 phase | First gap phase of interphase when the cell grows |
| G2 phase | Second gap phase when the cell continues to grow and prepares for division. |
| interphase | Phase of the cell cycle in which the cell grows and the DNA replicates. |
| metaphase | Stage of mitosis in which motor proteins move the chromosomes to align along the equator of the cell |
| prophase | Stage of mitosis in which the DNA condenses and chromosomes become visible |
| sister chromatid | One of a pair of chromatin threads; one side of a chromosome X-shape |
| telophase | Stage of mitosis in which the nuclei reform and the chromosomes uncoil; microtubules making the spindle dissociate. |
Created by:
Samstyles101
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