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Biology 67
Chapter 6 vocabulary
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Catabolism | Breaking down a complex molecule and releasing energy |
| Anabolism | Molecules being put together to make complex molecules and requires energy |
| Exergonic | Reaction that releases energy |
| Endergonic | Reaction that uses energy |
| Enthalpy | Energy in chemical bonds |
| Free energy | Useful to biochemists |
| Entropy | Disorganized, non useful energy |
| Exergonic reactions | Product will have less energy than reactant, gives off energy |
| Endergonic reactions | Product will have more energy than reactant, uses energy |
| Delta G | Measure of change in free energy |
| Coupled | Name for exergonic and endergonic reactions because they always happen together |
| Reduction | Gaining an electron |
| Oxidation | Losing an electron |
| Redox reactions | Name for reduction and oxidation because they happen together |
| NAD | Oxidized form |
| NADH | Reduced form |
| Enzymes | Proteins |
| Ribosomes | RNA |
| Activation energy | Amount of energy that it takes to start a reaction |
| 1st law of thermodynamics | Energy can't be created or destroyed |
| 2nd law of thermodynamics | Energy can be transferred or transformed |
| Kinetic energy | Energy associated with motion |
| Potential energy | Stored energy |
| Energy types | Light, heat, mechanical, chemical, electrical |
| Phosphorylation | Process of phosphates directly transferred from ATP to glucose |
| Enzyme-substrate complex | Binding between an enzyme and substrate |
| Substrates | Reactant molecules that bind to an enzyme at the active site; glucose and ATP in hexokinase |
| Conoformational change | |
| Products | |
| Affinity | Degree of attraction between the enzyme and substrate |
| Active site | Location in an enzyme where the chemical reaction takes place |
| Competitive inhibitor | Molecules that bind to the active site and inhibit the ability of the substrate to bind; affects both the Vmax and Km |
| Noncompetive inhibitor | Binds to the allosteric site and inhibits the enzyme's function; affects the Vmax but not the Km |
| Allosteric site | Location outside of the active site |
| Prosthetic groups | Small molecules that are permanently attached to the surface of an enzyme and aid in catalysis |
| Cofactors | Inorganic enzymes that temporarily bind to the surface of an enzyme and promote a Chemical reaction |
| Coenzymes | Organic molecules that temporarily bind to an enzyme and participate in the chemical reaction but are left unchanged after the reaction is competed |
| Metabolic pathways | Chain of reactions |
| Gene regulation | Not exposing a cell to something any longer; the genes that encode the enzymes to break it down will shut off: likewise will happen if it is reintroduced |
| Cellular regulation | Cells integrate signals from their environment and adjust their chemical reactions to adapt to those signals |
| Biochemical regulation | Binding of either a competitive or noncompetitive inhibitor to an enzyme directly regulates it's function |
| Exonuclease | Attaches to the 5' end, works it's way down chopping off each nucleotide, and then they can be reused or digested |
| Exosom | Attaches to the 3' end, works it's way down breaking off each nucleotide, then are recycled |
| Protease | Enzymes that cleave the bonds between adjacent amino acids |
| Proteasome | Protein complex that breaksdown proteins |
| Autophagy | Worn-out organelle becomes enclosed in a double membrane and is broke down |
| Autophagosome | Double membrane enclosed around an organelle |
| Lysosome | Degrades and recycles organelles back into the cytosol |
Created by:
Moodog12
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