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chapter 45 bio quiz
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| a ductless gland that secretes hormones directly into the interstitial fluid, from which they diffuse into the bloodstream | endocrine glands |
| the internal system of communication involving hormones, the ductless glands that secrete hormones, and the molecular receptors on or in target cells that respond to hormones | endocrine system |
| types of signaling between cells | Hormones, Local regulators, Neurotransmitters, Neurohormones, Pheromones. |
| ______ are ductless and secrete hormones directly into surrounding fluid | Endocrine glands |
| Local regulators are | chemical signals that travel over short distances by diffusion |
| ___ help regulate blood pressure, nervous system function, and reproduction | Local regulators |
| Local regulators are divided into two types | Paracrine and Autocrine signals |
| __ act on cells near the secreting cell ____ act on the secreting cell itself | Paracrine and Autocrine signaling |
| electrical signal along a nerve cell releases chemical signal in form of neurotransmitters and stimulates a cell across synapse | synaptic signaling |
| neuroendocrine signaling | neurohormones diffuse into the bloodstream and trigger responses in target cells anywhere in the body |
| pheromones | are chemical signals that are released from the body and used to communicate with other individuals in the species |
| neurohormones | secreted by specialized cells in the brain. they are able to affect cells throughout the body |
| Major endocrine glands | Adrenal glands, Hypothalamus, Pineal gland, Pituitary gland, Thyroid gland, Parathyroid glands, Pancreas, Kidney, Ovaries, Testes. |
| Organs containing endocrine cells: | Thymus, Heart, Liver, Stomach, Kidney, Small intestine. |
| promotes production and maturation of white blood cells | Thymus(thymosin) |
| metabolic rate control | thyroid gland(thyroxin) |
| body preservation, salt conservation, stress response is a function of | adrenal gland(cortisol,epinephrine, aldosterone) |
| function of hypothalamus | pituitary hormone regulation |
| there are four and are embedded in the surface of the thyroid, function in the homeostasis of calcium ions.secrete Parathyroid hormone (PTH), which raises blood levels of calcium and thus has an effect opposite to that of the thyroid hormone calcitonin. | Parathyroid glands |
| chemical classes of hormones | Polypeptides (proteins and peptides), Amines derived from amino acids, Steroid hormones |
| ___ (steroid hormones) pass easily through cell membranes, while _____(polypeptides and amines) do not | Lipid-soluble hormones, water-soluble hormones |
| receptor for lipid soluble hormones such as steriods are located inside | cells |
| receptor for water soluble hormones are located___ | on the cell surface |
| examples of water soluble hormones | polypeptide(insulin) and amine(epinephrine) |
| examples of lipid soluble hormones | steroid(cortisol) and amine(thyroxin) |
| Water-soluble hormones are secreted by _____, travel freely in the bloodstream, and bind to ______ | exocytosis, cell-surface receptors |
| Lipid-soluble hormones diffuse across cell membranes, travel in the bloodstream bound to transport proteins, and diffuse through the membrane of ______ | target cells |
| signaling of hormones involve three key events | reception, signal transduction and response |
| Binding of a hormone to its receptor initiates a _____ leading to responses in the cytoplasm, enzyme activation, or a change in gene expression | signal transduction pathway |
| the hormone epinephrine | has multiple effects in mediating the body’s response to short-term stress |
| ____ binds to receptors on the plasma membrane of liver cells | Epinephrine |
| when epinephrine binds to receptors on the plasma membrane of liver cells it triggers | the release of messenger molecules that activate enzymes and result in the release of glucose into the bloodstream |
| A cell that bears receptors for a hormone, drug, or other signaling molecule, or is the focus of contact by a virus, phagocyte, nerve | target cell |
| Multiple Effects of Hormones | different receptors for the hormone, Different signal transduction pathways, Different proteins for carrying out the response |
| regulates metabolism, homeostasis, development, and behavior | Endocrine signaling |
| stimulus--> endocrine cell--> blood vessel-> target cell--> response | negative feedback mechanism |
| A _____ inhibits a response by reducing the initial stimulus | negative feedback loop |
| Negative feedback regulates many hormonal pathways involved in ____ | homeostasis |
| ____ and ____ are antagonistic hormones that help maintain glucose homeostasis | Insulin and glucagon |
| alpha cells of pancreas release __ into the blood | glycogen |
| beta cells of pancreas release __ into the blood | insulin |
| The pancreas has clusters of endocrine cells called ____ with alpha cells that produce glucagon and beta cells that produce insulin | islets of Langerhans |
| Insulin reduces blood glucose levels by | Promoting the cellular uptake of glucose, Slowing glycogen breakdown in the liver, Promoting fat storage. |
| Glucagon increases blood glucose levels by | Stimulating conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver, Stimulating breakdown of fat and protein into glucose. |
| _____ is perhaps the best-known endocrine disorder It is caused by a deficiency of insulin or a decreased response to insulin in target tissues It is marked by elevated blood glucose levels | Diabetes mellitus |
| ____ is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system destroys pancreatic beta cells | Type I diabetes mellitus (insulin-dependent) |
| ___ involves insulin deficiency or reduced response of target cells due to change in insulin receptors | Type II diabetes mellitus (non-insulin-dependent) |
| A brain hormone stimulates release of ___ from the prothoracic glands | ecdysone |
| ______ promotes retention of larval characteristics | Juvenile hormone |
| Ecdysone promotes ___ (in the presence of juvenile hormone) and _____ (in the absence of juvenile hormone) of adult characteristics | molting, development |
| The ___ receives information from the nervous system and initiates responses through the endocrine system | hypothalamus |
| Attached to the hypothalamus is the ____ composed of the posterior pituitary(neurohypophysis) and anterior pituitary(adenohypophysis) | pituitary gland |
| What hormones are produced by hypothalamus | oxytosin, antiduretic hormone(ADH), growth hormone(GH), prolatin(PRL), follicle stimulating hormone(FSH),lutenizing hormone(LH), thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH), adrenocorticotrophic hormone(ACTH) |
| nuclei involved in producing neurohormones for the posterior pituitary gland. | oxytosin and antiduretic hormone(ADH) |
| ____ induces uterine contractions and the release of milk | Oxytocin |
| ______ enhances water reabsorption in the kidneys | Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
| stimulus--> sensory neuron--> hypothalamus/posterior pituitary--> neurosecretory cell--> blood vessel--> target cell--> response | positive feedback mechanism |
| the production of thyrotropin releasing hormone ( TRH ) in the ___ stimulates secretion of the thyroid stimulating hormone ( TSH ) from the _____ | hypothalamus, anterior pituitary |
| Tropic effects only: | FSH, LH, TSH, ACTH. |
| Nontropic effects only: | Prolactin, MSH |
| Nontropic and tropic effects: | GH |
| A hormone can stimulate the release of a series of other hormones, the last of which activates a nonendocrine target cell; this is called a | hormone cascade pathway |
| The release of thyroid hormone results from a hormone cascade pathway involving the | hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and thyroid gland |
| Hormone cascade pathways are usually regulated by | negative feedback |
| ___ regulates the function of endocrine cells or glands | tropic hormone |
| Growth hormone (GH) is secreted by the | anterior pituitary gland(aderohypophysis) |
| a funnel-shaped cavity | infundibulum. |
| stimulate metabolism and influence development and maturation | Thyroid hormones |
| excessive secretion of thyroid hormones, causes high body temperature, weight loss, irritability, and high blood pressure | Hyperthyroidism |
| is a form of hyperthyroidism in humans | Graves’ diseas |
| low secretion of thyroid hormones, causes weight gain, lethargy, and intolerance to cold | Hypothyroidism |
| Two antagonistic hormones regulate the homeostasis of calcium (Ca 2+ ) in the blood of mammals | Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is released by the parathyroid glands, Calcitonin is released by the thyroid gland |
| PTH increases the level of blood Ca 2+ | 1. It releases Ca 2+ from bone and stimulates re absorption of Ca 2+ in the kidneys. 2.It also has an indirect effect, stimulating the kidneys to activate vitamin D, which promotes intestinal uptake of Ca 2+ from food |
| Calcitonin decreases the level of blood Ca 2+ | It stimulates Ca 2+ deposition in bones and secretion by kidneys |
| The adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) These hormones are members of a class of compounds called | catecholamines |
| The release of ___ and ___ occurs in response to nerve signals from the hypothalamus | epinephrine and norepinephrine |
| Epinephrine and norepinephrine Trigger the release of glucose and fatty acids into the blood Increase oxygen delivery to body cells Direct blood toward heart, brain, and skeletal muscles, and away from skin, digestive system, and kidneys | 1.Trigger the release of glucose and fatty acids into the blood 2.Increase oxygen delivery to body cells 3.Direct blood toward heart, brain, and skeletal muscles, and away from skin, digestive system, and kidneys |
| Short-term stress response (adrenal medulla) Effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine | 1.increased blood glucose 2. Increased blood pressure 3. Increased breathing rate 4. Increased metabolic rate 5. Change in blood flow patterns, leading to increased alertness and decreased digestive, excretory, and reproductive system activity |
| Long-term stress response(adrenal cortex) Effects of mineralocorticoids: | 1. Retention of sodium ions and water by kidneys 2. Increased blood volume and blood pressure |
| Long-term stress response(adrenal cortex) Effects of glucocorticoids: | 1. Proteins and fats broken down and converted to glucose, leading to increased blood glucose 2. Possible suppression of immune system |
| The adrenal cortex releases a family of steroids called __ in response to stress | corticosteroids |
| Humans produce two types of corticosteroids: | glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids |
| ______, such as cortisol, influence glucose metabolism and the immune system | Glucocorticoids |
| _____ such as aldosterone, affect salt and water balance | Mineralocorticoids , |
| The adrenal cortex also produces small amounts of steroid hormones that function as | sex hormones |
| The gonads, testes and ovaries, produce most of the sex hormones: | androgens, estrogens, and progestins |
| The testes primarily synthesize ____ , mainly testosterone , which stimulate development and maintenance of the male reproductive system | androgens |
| causes an increase in muscle and bone mass and is often taken as a supplement to cause muscle growth, which carries health risks | Testosterone |
| ____, most importantly estradiol , are responsible for maintenance of the female reproductive system and the development of female secondary sex characteristics | Estrogens |
| In mammals, progestins, which include ___ , are primarily involved in preparing and maintaining the uterus | progesterone |
| The pineal gland , located in the brain, secretes | melatonin |
| ____ control release of melatonin Primary functions of melatonin | Light/dark cycles |
| can help to determine if a thyroid nodule is autonomous ("hot") or non-functional ("cold"). | A thyroid scan |
| Thyroid nodules that absorb the radioiodine are usually not cancerous called | autonomous, hot nodule, or toxic |
| Thyroid nodules that do not absorb the radioiodine are called ___, and have a 5 percent risk of being cancerous. Approximately 95 percent of thyroid nodules are cold | cold nodule |
| wasting syndrome is loss of weight, muscle atrophy, fatigue, weakness, and significant loss of appetite in someone who is not actively trying to lose weight | cachexia |
| what conditions cachexia is typically found? | cancer, AIDS,chronic obstructive lung disease, multiple sclerosis, congestive heart failure, tuberculosis, familial amyloid polyneuropathy, mercury poisoning (acrodynia) and hormonal deficiency. |
| The main job of the thyroid gland is to produce hormones T4 and T3 | T4(thyroxine) and T3(triiodothyronine) |
| What hormones are produced by ovaries and testis | follicle stimulating hormone(FSH), luteinizing hormones(LH) |
| is an attempt to predict various aspects of a person's life through simple mathematical cycles | Biorhythm |
| endocrine disorder by DES. | miacarriage, structural changes, cervical and vaginal cancers |
| is an endocrine distructor a molecule that interrupts the normal function of a hormone pathway,in this case that of estrogen | DES(DIETHYLSTILBESTROL) |
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