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chapter 44 bio quiz
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| osmosis | net movement of solvent molecules through a partially permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration |
| osmolarity | solution concentration expressed as molarity |
| osmoregulation | regulation of solute concentrations and water balance by a cell or organism |
| What is the normal osmolarity of blood? | 300ml osmo's |
| osmoconformers | consisting only of some marine animals, are isoosmotic with their surroundings and do not regulate their osmolarity |
| osmoregulators | expend energy to control water uptake and loss in a hyperosmotic or hypoosmotic environment |
| stenohaline | they are animals that cannot tolerate substantial changes in external osmolarity |
| euryhaline | animals that can survive large fluctuations in external osmolarity |
| most marine invertebrates are osmo___ | conformers |
| marine bony fishes are ____ to sea water | hypoosmotic |
| marine fishes lose water by ____ and gain salt by ______ and from food | osmosis, diffusion |
| the adaptaion that causes Some aquatic invertebrates in temporary ponds lose almost all their body water and survive in a dormant state is called | anhydrobiosis |
| _____ are specialized epithelial cells that regulate solute movement | Transport epithelia |
| a small, very toxic molecule (NH3) produced by nitrogen fixation or as a metabolic waste product of protein and nucleic acid metabolism is called | ammonia |
| forms of nitrogenous wastes | ammonia, urea, and uric acid. |
| a soluble nitrogenous waste produced in the liver by a metabolic cycle that combines ammonia with carbon dioxide | urea |
| a duct leading from the kidney to the urinary bladder | ureter |
| a tube that releases urine from the mammalian body | urethra |
| Z_____ regulate solute movement between internal fluids and the external environment. | Excretory systems |
| excretory process | filtration, re absorption, secretion and excretion |
| the different excretory systems are | protonephridia, metanephridia, Malpighian tubules, and kidneys |
| a network of dead-end tubules connected to external openings The smallest branches of the network are capped by a cellular unit called a flame bulb These tubules excrete a dilute fluid and function in osmoregulation eg flatworm | protonephridia |
| _____ consist of tubules that collect coelomic fluid and produce dilute urine for excretion eg earthworms | metanephridia |
| ______ remove nitrogenous wastes from hemolymph and function in osmoregulation eg insects | Malpighian tubules |
| the excretory organs of vertebrates, function in both excretion and osmoregulation | kidneys |
| the nmammalian kidney has two distinct regions | renal cortex and renal medulla |
| functional unit of the vertebrate kidney | nephron |
| the nephron consists of a single long tubule and ball of capillaries called | glomerulus |
| _____ system involving the loop of Henle maintains a high salt concentration in the kidney This system allows the vasa recta to supply the kidney with nutrients, without interfering with the osmolarity gradient | countercurrent multiplier |
| hormonal control of kidney function | 1) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) 2) Aldosterone 3) Angiotensin II 4) Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) |
| Produced in the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary gland,____ controls the permeability of the collecting ducts to water | antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
| ALDOSTERONE | a part of a complex feedback circuit that functions in homeostasis |
| a drop of blood pressure near the glomerulus causes | juxtaglomerular apparatus(JGA) |
| _____ triggers the formation of the peptide angiotensin 11 | renin |
| ____ raises blood pressure and decreases blood flow in kidneys | angiotensin 11 |
| angiotensin 11 stimulates the release of teh hormone_____ which increases blood volume and pressure | aldostrone |
| pathway of blood filtrate to urine | proximal tubule--> descending limb of the loop henle--> ascending limb of the loop henle-->distal tubule. |
| re-absorption of ions, water and nutrients takes place in the | proximal tubule |
| filtrate becomes increasingly concentrated in the | descending limb of the loop of henle |
| regulates k+ and Nacl concentrations of the body fluids | distal tubule |
| carries filtrate from the medulla to the renal pelvis | collecting ducts |
| Blood Vessels Associated with the Nephron | afferent arteriole , efferent arteriole, peritubular capilllaries, vasa recta |
| a branch of the renal artery that divides into the capillaries___ The capillaries converge as they leave the glomerulus, forming an | afferent arteriole, efferent arteriole, |
| capillaries that serve the loop of the henle | vasa recta |
| bowman's capsule, PCT, DCT are all found in the | cortex |
| loop henle and connecting duct are found in the | medulla |
| what shouldn't be found in the urinary system | glucose(glucosa), proteins(urinalysis), RBC(hematonia) |
| pathway of filtrate | bowan's capsule--> proxiaml tubule(PCT)--> loop henle--> DCT--> connecting duct--> renal pelvis-> ureter--> cortical nephrons--> renal cortex-->juxtamedullary nephrons-->renal medulla |
| in the kidney, surrounds the apex of the renal pyramids | minor carlyx |
| Two or three minor calyces converge to form a | major carlyx |
| _____is released in response to an increase in blood volume and pressure and inhibits the release of renin | atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) |
| what happens when you have an ADH that is mutilated | diabetes melitus and diabetes insipidus |
| in diabetes increase in volume of urine is called | polyuna |
| in diabetes increase in thrist is called | pollidipsia |
| increase in frequency of urination is called | pollakiuria |
| diabetes mellitus | class 1- no insulin. class 2- deficiency receptors |
| ADH is mutant, it is not produced ie water is not retained causing high volume of urine | diabetes insipidus |
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