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chapter 43 bio quiz
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what are antigens | A toxin or other foreign substance that induces an immune response in the body, esp. the production of antibodies. |
| what dictates antigenic strength | size and shape |
| What is antigenic variation | the process by which an infectious organism alters its surface proteins in order to evade a host immune response |
| mechanisms that allow antigens to evade immune attacks | Well there's antigenic variation where a pathogen will change its epitopes Latency: some viruses remain in a host without activating immune defenses. Latency persists until conditions are favorable for viral transmission |
| what is humoral immunity | it involves the production of antibody molecules in response to an antigen and is mediated by B-lymphocytes. |
| what is cell-mediated immunity | is an immune response that does not involve antibodies but rather involves the activation of phagocytes, natural killer cells (NK), antigen-specific cytotoxic and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen.it's mediated by T-lymphocytes. |
| mechanisms of humoral and cell-mediated immunity | |
| What is innate immunity | is present before any exposure to pathogens and is effective from the time of birth It involves nonspecific responses to pathogens Innate immunity consists of external barriers plus internal cellular and chemical defenses |
| 1st, 2nd and 3rd line of defenses. | innate immune system(non specific) eg skin,adaptive immune system( non specific) eg inflammation and phagocytosis, germ fighting WBC (specific) |
| examples of barrier defenses | Skin, mucous membranes of nostrils, oesophagus, respiratory tract, digestive tract and urinary tract acts as a barrier defense in preventing microorganisms mobility by trapping them |
| Cellular Innate Defenses | Cellular Innate Defenses White blood cells (leukocytes) engulf pathogens in the body Groups of pathogens are recognized by TLR , Toll-like receptors |
| phagocytic cells | A cell, such as a white blood cell, that engulfs and absorbs waste material, harmful microorganisms, or other foreign bodies in the bloodstream and tissues |
| Natural Killer Cells | All cells in the body (except red blood cells) have a class 1 MHC protein on their surface Cancerous or infected cells no longer express this protein; natural killer (NK) cells attack these damaged cells |
| Antimicrobial Peptides and Proteins Peptides | they both function in innate defense by attacking microbes directly or impeding their reproduction |
| Interferon proteins | provide innate defense against viruses and help activate macrophages.About 30 proteins make up the complement system , which causes lysis of invading cells and helps trigger inflammation. |
| pathways of the complement system | classical, alternate, lectin pathways |
| inflammatory response | vosodilation - increase in blood flow), high permeability - increase in fluid coming out,WBC - diapedisis. |
| events taking place during inflammation | redness, heat, swelling(edema), pain |
| different types of phagocytic cells | Neutrophils,Macrophages, Eosinophils,Dendritic cells |
| Know the steps of phagocytosis. | 1.Recognition 2. Ingestion- pseudopods engulf microbe through endocytosis 3. Vacuole Formation- vacuole contains microbe 4. Digestion- vacuole merges with enzymes to destroy microbes 5. Exocytosis- microbial debris is released |
| neutrophils | engulf and destroy microbes |
| macrophages | are part of the lymphatic system and are found throughout the body |
| eosinophils | discharge destructive enzymes |
| dendritic cells | stimulate development of acquired immunity |
| fever | is a systemic inflammatory response triggered by pyrogens released by macrophages, and toxins from pathogens |
| TCR(t cell receptor) | is a molecule found on the surface of T lymphocytes (or T cells that is responsible for recognizing antigens bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules |
| BCR(B cell receptor) | enable the cell to bind to and, if additional signals are present, to be activated by and respond to an epitope on molecules of a soluble antigen. The response ends with descendants of the B cell secreting vast numbers of a soluble form of its receptors. |
| characteristics of the different classes of antibodies | IgG (monomer) IgM (pentamer) J chain IgA (dimer) IgE (monomer) IgD (monomer) |
| functions IgE | riggers release from mast cells and basophils of hista- mine and other chemicals that cause allergic reactions |
| functions of IgD | Present primarily on surface of B cells that have not been exposed to antigens Acts as antigen receptor in the antigen-stimulated proliferation and differentiation of B cells (clonal selection) |
| functions of IgG | Most abundant Ig class in blood; present in tissue fluids Promotes opsonizatn, neutralizatn, nd cross-linking of antigens;less effective in activation of complement system than IgM Only Ig class that crosses placenta. |
| functions of IgM | First Ig class produced after initial exposure to antigen; then its concentration in the blood declines Promotes neutraliza- tion and cross- linking of antigens; very effective in complement system activation Function |
| functions of IgA | Secretory component Present in secretions such as tears, saliva, mucus, and breast milk Provides localized defense of mucous membranes by cross-linking and neutralization of antigens Presence in breast milk confers passive immunity on nursing infant |
| types of MHC | class 1, class II |
| roles of class 1 MHC | present in every nucleated cell eg stomach cell, skin cell, and every cell that has a nucleus.C1 presents antigens to cytotoxic T cells.Tc cells have CD 8 which reecognizes MHC class 1.They display peptide antigens to cytotoxic T cells |
| role of Class 11 MHC | located mainly on dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cell.C2 presents Antigen to the Th(helper protein) cells. Th has CD4 which recognizes C2. |
| epitopes | also known as antigenic determinant, is the part of an antigen that is recognized by the immune system, specifically by antibodies, B cells, or T cells. The part of an antibody that recognizes the epitope is called a paratop |
| antibodies | also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large Y-shaped protein produced by B-cells that is used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects such as bacteria and viruses |
| Antigen presentation | is a process in the body's immune system by which macrophages, dendritic cells and other cell types capture antigens and then enable their recognition by T-cells. |
| Antigen Processing | is a biological process that prepares antigens for presentation to special cells of the immune system called T lymphocytes. This process involves two distinct pathways for processing of antigens intracellular nd extracellular pathogens |
| explain the generation of Lymphocyte Diversity by Gene Rearrangement | Diff in the variable region account for specificity of antigen receptors, Ig gene encodes one chain of the B cell receptor, many diff chain is produced nd DNA is rearrange, Rearranged DNA is transcribed and translated and the antigen receptor formed |
| Dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells are antigen-presenting cells that display antigens to | cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells |
| the origin of tolerance | Lymphocytes maturing in bone marrow or thalamus are tested for self-reactivity. If they do have receptors specific for the body's own molecules, these worthless lymphocytes are destroyed by apoptosis or rendered nonfunctional |
| The binding of a mature lymphocyte to an antigen induces the lymphocyte to divide rapidly This proliferation of lymphocytes is called | clonal selection |
| clonal deletion | is a process by which B cells and T cells are deactivated after they have expressed receptors for self-antigens and before they develop into fully immunocompetent lymphocytes. |
| The first exposure to a specific antigen represents the___During this time, effector B cells called plasma cells are generated, and T cells are activated to their effector forms | primary immune response |
| in the __ memory cells facilitate a faster, more efficient response | secondary immune response |
| how does acquired immunity defends against infection of body cells and fluids | the humoral immune response and the cell-mediated immune response |
| ____ involves activation and clonal selection of B cells, resulting in production of secreted antibodies | the humoral immune response |
| ____ involves activation and clonal selection of cytotoxic T cells. | cell-mediated immune response |
| Helper T cells aid both both __ and ___ immune responses | humoral and cell mediated |
| __ are the cells in mediated immune response | cystoxic t cells |
| how does cystoxic t cells respond to infected cells. | By binding to a class I MHC complex on an infected cell activates a cytotoxic T cell and makes it an active killer The activated cytotoxic T cell secretes proteins that destroy the infected target cell Animation: Cytotoxic T Cells |
| ____ is charcterized by secretion of antibodies in B cell. | Humoral response |
| Activation of B cells is aided by ______ and _____ binding to helper T cells | cytokines, antigen |
| _______ of B cells generates antibody-secreting plasma cells, the effector cells of humoral immunity | Clonal selection |
| _____ develops naturally in response to an infection It can also develop following immunization , also called vaccination | active immunity |
| _____ provides immediate, short-term protection It is conferred naturally when IgG crosses the placenta from mother to fetus or when IgA passes from mother to infant in breast milk. | passive immunity (It can be conferred artificially by injecting antibodies into a nonimmune person) |
| ____occurs when antibodies bound to antigens increase phagocytosis | opsonization |
| ____ can be conferred artificially by injecting antibodies into a non immune person | passive immunity |
| allergies | exaggerated (hypersensitive) responses to antigens called allergens |
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