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Economic Botany Ch 4
Plant Cells and Tissues
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cork Cambium | Narrow cylindrical sheath of cells between the exterior of a woody root or stem and the central vascular tissue; produces cork to its exterior and phelloderm to its interior; also called phellogen |
| Sieve Plates | Area of the wall of a sieve-tube member that contains several to many perforations that permit cytoplasmic connections between similar adjacent cells, the cytoplasmic strands being larger than plasmodesmata. |
| Stomata | Minute pore/opening in epidermis of leaves, herbaceous stems, & sporophytes of hornworts (anthoceros); flanked by 2 guard cells that regulate its opening/closing=regulate gas exchange and transpiration. |
| Stoma | guard cells and pore |
| Leaf | Flattened, usually photosynthetic structure arranged in various ways on stem. |
| Lignin | Polymer w/ certain cell walls (wood) that become impregnated. |
| Meristems | Region in which undifferentiated cells divide. |
| Rays | Parenchyma cells: radially oriented tiers. Conduct laterally food, water, etc. Portion within wood = xylem and phloem rays. |
| Periderm | Outer bark; composed primarily of cork cells |
| Primary Tissues | Tissue produced by apical meristem (e.g. epidermis, cortex, primary xylem, and phloem, pith). |
| Cutin | Waxy, fatty substance of which cuticle is composed. |
| Ground Meristem | Meristem that produces all the primary tissues other than epidermis and stele (e.g. cortex, pith) |
| Suberin | Fatty substance found primarily in cell walls of cork and the casparian strips of endodermal cells. |
| Sieve tube members | Single cell of a sieve tube. |
| Vascular Cambium | Narrow cylindrical sheath of cells that produces secondary xylem and phloem in stems and roots. |
| Cuticle | Waxy or fatty layer of varying thickness on the outer walls of epidermal cells. |
| Cambium | Meristem producing secondary tissues; see vascular and cork cambium. |
| Cork | Tissue composed of cells whose walls are impregnated with suberin at maturity; the outer layer of tissue of an older woody stem; produced by the cork cambium. |
| Glands | A small body of variable shape and size that may secrete certain substances but that also may be functionless. |
| Sclereid | A sclerenchyma cell that usually has one axis not conspicuously longer than the other; may vary in shape and heavily lignified. |
| Procambium | A tissue produced by the primary meristem that differentiates into primary xylem and phloem. |
| Sclerenchyma | Tissue composed of lignified cells with thick walls; functions primarily in strengthening and support. |
| Nodes | Region of a stem where one or more leaves are attached. |
| Apical Meristem | Meristem at tip of a shoot or root. |
| Fiber | Long, thick-walled cell whose protoplasm often is dead at maturity. |
| Collenchyma | Tissue composed of cells with unevenly thickened walls (e.g. celery). |
| Parenchyma | Thin-walled cells varying in size/shape, and function; the most common type of plant cell. |
| Tissues | Aggregation of cells having a common function. |
| Tracheid | Xylem cell, tapered at ends, has thick walls containing pits. |
| Epidermis | Exterior wall, usually 1 cell thick, of leaves, young stems & roots, and other parts of plants. |
| Vessels | One of usually numerous cylindrical tubes whose cells have lost their cytoplasm; occur in xylem of most angiosperms and a few other vascular plants; each composed of vessel members laid end to end; perforated, open-ended walls permit water to pass. |
| Protoderm | Primary meristem that gives rise to epidermis. |
| Roots | Plant organ: anchors and absorption. |
| Stems | Plant axis with leaves or nations. |
| Chlorenchyma | Tissue composed of parenchyma cells that contain chloroplasts. |
| Xylem Tissue | Tissue through which most of the water and dissolved minerals utilized by a plant are conducted; consists of several types of cells. |
| Guard Cells | One of a pair of specialized cells surrounding a stoma. |
| Lenticel | One of usually numerous, slightly raised, somewhat spongy groups of cells in the bark of woody plants; permit gas exchange b/w interior of plant and external atmosphere. |
| Phloem | Food-conducting tissue of a vascular plant. |
| Companion Cells | Specialized cell derived from the same parent cell as the closely associated sieve-tube member immediately adjacent to it (in angiosperm phloem). |
| Non-Meristematic Tissues | Tissue composed of cells that have assumed various shapes and sizes related to their functions as they matured following their production by a meristem. |
| Secretory Cells | Cell/Tissue producing a substance(s) that are moved outside the cells. |
| Sieve Tubes | Column of sieve-tube members arranged end to end; food is conducted from cell to cell through sieve plates. |
| Plant organs | Roots, stems, leaves |
| Shoot system | Stems and leaves. |
| Primary growth | Increases length. Occurs at tips of roots and stems. |
| Primary Meristem | Primary Growth: 2. Ground meristem, protoderm, and pro cambium. |
| Primary Tissue | Primary Growth: 3. Ground tissue, epidermis, and 1* xylem, 1* phloem = vascular tissue. |
| Secondary Growth | Woody, increase in girth, xylem growth. |
| Ground tissue | Depends on local and cellular organelles (plastid type). |
| Stems and roots; cortex? pith? | Cortex = outer, pith = center by vascular tissue |
| Tissues | Cells/Tissues: P, C, S= Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma |
| Trichomes | 1, multi, glandular, color, wind, chemicals, root hairs (1 cell) |
| Cuticle thickness | 1-thick, depends on humidity also. |
| Sclerenchyma cells/tissues types | 2 types: Fibers- long/thin, Sclereids- boxy/branchy (pear) |
| Vascular Tissues? | Xylem & Phloem |
| Xylem (vascular tissue) | Transport water and dissolved minerals from soil. Tracheids, vessel elements. |
| Phloem (vascular tissue) | Transport sucrose & soluable organic molecules. Sieve tube elements/members, companion cells (loading/unloading of sucrose to/from sieve). |
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