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Evolution BI 358
PSU Evolution Study Cards
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a proximate explanation? | The mechanistic or immediate explanation |
| What is an ultimate explanation? | why a trait or organism is the way it is or an evolutionary explanation |
| Do phylogenetic trees depict real or hypothesized relationships among taxa? | hypothesized |
| What are taxa? | the units you are analyzing in the phylogeny |
| What are nodes? | The points at which the branches of a tree split |
| What is a character? | A feature or trait present among the taxa of interest |
| What is a character state? | one of the alternative conditions of a character which are able to evolve one to another |
| What is an Ancestral character? | a trait or character that was possessed by a common ancestor of the taxa in the phylogeny |
| What is a derived character? | a trait or character that was not possessed by a common ancestor of the taxa in the phylogeny but has evolved in at least one of the descendants |
| What is a synapomorphy? | a derived character state shared by two or more taxa and used to define a clade of taxa |
| What is an autapomorphy? | a derived character state present in only one taxon in the phylogeny |
| What is anagenesis? | descent with modification, but no speciation |
| What is cladogenesis? | speciation |
| What is an outgroup? | a taxon or taxa that are used to root the phylogeny or determine ancestral character states |
| What is an ingroup? | a set of taxa that are the focus of the phylogeny |
| What is a clade or monophyletic group? | an ancestor and all of its descendents |
| What is a paraphyletic group? | a group of organisms consisting of an ancestor and some of its descendents |
| What are sister taxa or sister clades? | taxa or clades that are most closely related to each other; they share a more recent common ancestor |
| What is homology? | similarity due to common desent |
| What is homoplasy? | similarity in the characters or traits found in different taxa due to convergent evolution, parallelism, or reversal, and not due to common desent |
| What is convergent evolution? | when traits become similar to each other due to similar forces and not shared ancestry |
| What is parallelism? | when convergent evolution occurs in recently diverged taxa |
| What is reversal? | when derived traits or character states revert to the ancestral form |
| What is treelength? | a measure of the amount of evolutionary change required by a phylogenetic tree constructed using parsimony |
| What is empirical data? | experiments and observations |
| How to biologists address evolutionary questions? | With empirical data and theories |
| How do you test empirical data? | With theories |
Created by:
nickmx50
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