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Mar Bio test 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Marine fishes are | vertebrates |
| Some fish have vertebra made of cartilage, while others have | bony vertebra |
| Of the 30,000 known species of fishes how many are marine? | about 15,000 species |
| Fishes are by far the largest group of vertebrates in terms of | species and abundance |
| About half of all vertebrate species are | fishes |
| Agnatha (jawless fish) include | Hagfish (Class Myxini) Lampreys (Class Cephalaspidomorphi) |
| Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish) include | -Sharks -Skates -Rays -Ratfish |
| Osteichthyes (bony fish)include | Lobe-finned fishes (Class Sarcopterygii) Ray-finned fishes (Class Actinopterygii) |
| Characteristics of Agnatha | -These jawless fish have a muscular, circular mouth with rows of teeth in rings Long, cylindrical body -Lack paired fins and scales -Skeleton of cartilage,no bones |
| Characteristics of Hagfish (Class Myxini) | -20 species -Exclusively marine -They feed on dead and dying marine animals -Live in burrows in soft sediments -Produce large quantities of mucous from glands in the skin; slime eel |
| Characteristics of Lampreys (Class Cephalaspidomorphi) | -30 species -fresh and salt water Adults of some species spend some time at sea, but return to freshwater to breed -They feed on living fish by rasping into the sides of fish and consume blood, tissue and body fluids |
| Characteristics of Chondrichytes and Osteichytes | Highly efficient gills Scales cover the body Paired fins A wide variety of jaw and feeding types Lateral line and other sensory organs Streamlined body |
| Specific Chondrichytes characteristics: | -Sharks, Skates, Rays and Ratfish -About 1000 species - Skeleton of cartilage -Movable jaws and placoid scales (teeth) - lateral line |
| In addition to the lateral line, sharks have a sensory organ called | The Organ (or ampullae) of Lorenzini; this organ is used to detect electrical currents when sharks are close to an object |
| More details about sharks | -All sharks have a heterocercal tail - Reproduction varies. SOme have live birth and some lay eggs, and some have internal eggs |
| Vivipary | Live birth |
| Ovipary | Egg laying |
| Ovovivipary | Internalized egg that hatches inside the female |
| Information on Rays: | - They are always ovoviviparous -Pectoral fins are expanded into "wings" Some have long whip-like tails; in stingrays, there is a spine with an associated poison gland The venomous spine, or “barb,” is only used in self-defense |
| Information on Skates: | Skates have a more fleshy tail and no venomous barb Also unlike rays, skates always lay egg cases (oviparous) After fertilization, the female lays egg cases with an embryo inside |
| Ratfish (Chimeras) | -30 Species mostly deep water - Feed on bottom crustaceams - Heterocercal tail like sharks - Unlike others in this group, they also have fin rays (tiny support rods) in the fins |
| Osteichytes | - Bony Fish (bony skeleton) -More species that all other vertebrates combined -Gills and gill covers (operculum) in most -Hinged jaws -Homocercal tail |
| Lateral line | Used in sensory capacity and communication in fish. |
| Types of fish scales | Cycloid, Ctenoid (most common), Ganoid and, Scutes |
| Counter shading is seen | In nearly all fish species and many sea mammals |
| In countershading | the ventral (belly) area of the fish is lighter than the dorsal area of the fish This allows the fish to “blend in” with the environment |
| Disruptive coloration | Slower swimming fish often have bars or stripes that help break up the silhouette of a fish (a form of disruptive coloration) This helps with predator avoidance |
| Cryptic coloration | coloration that helps them blend in with environment |
| Deceptive coloration | Pseudo eye spot near the caudal fin to confuse predators |
| Aposomatic coloration (warning colors) | Venomous or poisonous fish use distinctive coloration to dissuade potential predators |
| Signal coloration (recognition colors) | Sometimes a fish wants to attract the attention of other fish to warn off conspecifics from a territory, attract some conspecifics as mates, or to clarify your beneficence to “clients” |
| Fish exhibit | an “s-shaped” swimming pattern - Bands of muscle along the body called myomeres drive this swimming motion |
| In sharks, a swim bladder is | absent (although there is a large lipid-rich liver to help in buoyancy) – therefore, sharks tend to sink when not in motion |
| The construction of the gill is the same in all fishes | – gill arch supports the entire structure, gill rakers are on the forward surface of the gill arch and gill filaments (lamellae) trail behind the gill arch. |
| The intestines of carnivorous fish tend to be short and straight while the intestines of herbivorous fish | are longer and more coiled |
| Fish have a two chambered heart that serves to | pump blood throughout the body (in contrast to the 4 chambered heart seen in mammals) |
| Osmoregulation | is the term given to the process of managing internal water/solute balance. |
| Marine fish swallow seawater but then expel | solutes in the digestive process (this allows them to keep the water and lose the solutes) |
| In cartilaginous fish, the blood is kept | at about the same concentration as seawater This is accomplished by keeping urea in the bloodstream |
| Fish possess nares with | olfactory sacs for detecting scents |
| In some sharks, the eye is covered by a | nictitating membrane that covers the eye |
| The lateral line is a series of | pores and canals lined with cells called neuromasts that are specialized to detect vibrations. - These vibrations indicate predators,prey and position |
| Cartilaginous fish also possess the organ (or ampullae) of Lorenzini. This organ detects | electrical charges produced by the organ systems of other organisms. |
| any group of fish that stay together for social reasons are | shoaling |
| If a group of fish is swimming in the same direction in a coordinated manner, they are | schooling |
| Diadromy | Species of fish that migrate between fresh and salt water |
| Anadromy | Species like salmon, lampreys and sturgeon live in saltwater normally but go to freshwater for reproductive purposes |
| Catadromous | Species like the American Eel live in freshwater but travel to saltwater for reproduction |
| The release of sex hormones in fish can be cued by | water temperature, day length, specific tide cycles, etc |
| Broadcast spawning (releases eggs and sperm directly into water for fertilization) is most common in | all fish |
| In some species, color changes, behavior or body structure changes may indicate | readiness for reproduction |
| Teleosts fish have a | movable maxilla and premaxilla and corresponding modifications in the jaw musculature. These modifications make it possible to protrude their jaws outwards from the mouth |
| Sequential hermaphrodites | Possess male or female parts at specific times in their life |
| In protandry | fish are first males and develop into females later in life |
| In protogyny | fish are first females and develop into males later in life |
| The cues for sexual changes are often the result of | changes in social structure or environment |
| RARE: A few species are parthenogenic- in this reproductive plan, young develop directly from | the unfertilized eggs of the female (no DNA from males) – the young are “clones” |
| Catadromous | Freshwater to saltwater |
| sea turtles have an upper shell known as the | carapace and a lower shell known as the plastron |
| Like other reptiles, sea turtles are poikilothermic and ectothermic although the leatherback sea turtle is so large that | its body temperature is normally several degrees above the ambient water temperature |
| Sea turtles breed at sea with internal fertilization. Females can sometimes store | the males sperm |
| Females usually breed every | 2-4 years |
| Female tutles may lay up to 7 clutches of eggs during breeding year.Each clutch normally has about | 120 eggs |
| Turtle egg incubation period is about | 60 days. The eggs develop faster in warmer temperatures |
| The smallest sea turtles is the | Kemp Ridley at around 100cm |
| The green turtle is the only species that has a diet of | seagrass and algae.A vegetarian. |
| The least vulnerable turtle is the | Loggerhead turtle |
| The largest of sea turtles reaching 6ft and 1 ton and feeds on jellyfish is | The Leatherback |
| Sea snakes are found only in which oceans? | The Indian and the Pacific Ocean |
| Sea snakes have | a laterally flattened body with a paddle-like tail for propulsion through the water. They are about 3-4 ft as adults. |
| Sea snakes breed at sea and most species are | ovoviviparous. But a few return to land. They are air breathers(no gills) |
| Bites from sea snakes can be fatal for humans but sea snakes aren't aggressive and feed on | mostly fish |
| The saltlwater crocodile is found | in Australia, the Indian Ocean and some Western Pacific Islands |
| Crocodiles can be found living in | estuaries, mangrove swamps, rivers and the open ocean |
| Marine iguanas live on the | Galapagos Islands |
| Lachrymal glands are the tear ducts of sea turtles that extract | excess salts |
| Many species of seabirds are colonial nesters which means | - they nest in large colonies of individuals near the shore – some on cliffs, others in low shrubs or trees, others directly on the ground |
| Monogamous | mate for life |
| Penguins have a layer of fat that | trap air in the feathers to help them survive these cold environments |
| Homeothermy is | thermoregulation that maintains a stable internal body temperature regardless of external influence. |
| Chatacteristics of mammals | -Hair, mammary glands,homeotherms - Mostly viviparous -Large brains in relation to body size |
| Most Mammals are sexually different in terms of | they are sexually dimorphic (males and females look different in size, coloration, features, etc) |
| Pinnipedia | eared seals, hair seals and walruses |
| Carnivora | sea otter and polar bear |
| Sirenia | dugong and manatees |
| Cetacea | baleen whales and toothed whales |
| Characteristics of pinnipedia | -all carnivorous -Most live in cool or cold water, use blubber as insulation to stay warm -Monk seals are the exception – they live in warmer waters |
| Hawaiian and Mediterranean monk seals are | endangered |
| Eared seals include | Sea lions and fur seals. -They are the most agile of pinnipeds on land. -They have long necks, external testicles, hairless movable flippers |
| Gregarious | -form large herds on beach at breeding time - eared seals do this |
| Haired seals facts | -Found everywhere -hind flippers are permanently turned anteriorly with no claws -Clawed fore flippers. All flippers haired |
| Walruses | -Family Odbenidae - No ear flaps and large tusks - Can walk on all 4 like sea lions - spends most time out of water than other pinnipeds |
| Sea otter information | -Order carnivora -Considered a keystone species - Eats, sleeps, give birth and mates at sea -clumsy on land - no blubber |
| Facts about polar bears | - Largest land carnivore - Translucent, hollow hairs - Smaller ears and necks than other bears |
| Female polar bears are induced ovulators which means | mating triggers release of an egg for fertilization |
| Difference between manatee and Dugong | -Dugongs are strictly marine - Dugongs have a fluked tail while manatees have a paddle tail |
| Smallest of all manatees are the | Amazonian Manatee. This species is also the only one confined by fresh water |
| Order Cetacea includes | Whales, dolphins and porpoises |
| Characteristics of cetacea | -Fore limbs are modified into flippers. -Fin-like tail is known as a fluke. -Nostrils are located on the top of the head as a single or double opening known as a blowhole. |
| Order Odontocetes | Toothed whales -one blowhole |
| Order Mysticetes | Baleen whales (13 species) -two blowholes -filter feeders |
| Toothed whales (Odontocetes) include | dolphins, porpoises, belugas, narwhals, sperm whales, killer whales, river dolphins, and beaked whales |
| The teeth of dolphins are conical and interlocking, while those of porpoises are | spade-shaped |
| Baleen whales are represented by 13 species, including | the right whale, gray whale, blue whale, and humpback whale. |
| Whales have adaptations for diving that include: | -Rapid breathing prior to dive :known as apneustic breathing. -Lungs remove 90% of O2 from air (as opposed to 20% for humans) |
| Marine mammals have more blood than | non-diving mammals for their size (means more hemoglobin to carry oxygen) |
| Whale muscles contain Muscles contain more myoglobin to | hold oxygen in tissues |
| The heart rate of whales slows dramatically during a dive – known as | bradycardia |
| Echolocation | Sound waves are emitted as a series of clicks of varying frequencies Melon directs the outgoing sound waves |
| In echolocation the longer it takes a echo to return | the farther away the object is located |
| Breaching | marine mammals jumping out of the water and crashing back into the water on their backs. |
| Marine mammals sometimes hold their bodies out of the water. This behavior is known as | Spyhopping |
| The longest migration is that of the gray whale; this migration is | over 11,000 miles |
| In whales When one member of a group (pod) of animals is sick/injured, other members will | care for it. Mass strandings are often the result of caregivers following a sick/injured animal to shore. |
| Some marine mammals use delayed implantation of the fetus – this allows | the calf to be born at a time that is best for the survival of the calf |
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