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Whitworth biology 2
Energy and Metabolism
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Synthetic work | biosynthesis: changes in chemical bonds |
| concentration work | movement of molecules across membranes against concentration gradient |
| mechanical work | changes in location or orientation of cell or cell structure |
| Biological Work: | metabolic energy used to maintain body temperature |
| electrical work | movement of ions across membranes against electrochemical gradients |
| Energy transformations | characterize living systems |
| biological systems are subject to? | they are subject to laws of thermodynamics |
| energy | the capacity to cause specific physical or chemical changes |
| First Law of thermodynamics | energy cannot be created or destroyed (it can be converted from one form to another |
| second law of thermodynamics | Energy available to do work decreases and unavailable energy increases (transfer is NEVER 100%) |
| Entropy: HEAT is? | * kinetic energy * a product of all energy conversions * randomized energy |
| Living cell are what kind of system? | they are an "open system" obtaining energy and matter from their environments ie the sun |
| Endergonic energy | Energy must be supplied |
| Exergonic energy | energy is released |
| Biological catalysts | they speed the reactions by lowering the amount of activation energy needed. |
| Active site in catalyst | Substrates bind active site where catalysts takes place. they are highly specific to their substrate. |
| Enzymes accelerate chemical conversions by..... | orienting reactants correctly * chemically modifying reactants * altering molecular conformation |
| CO-Factors of enzymes for catalaysts are? | *metal ions *coenzymes *prosthetic groups |
| How are metal ions used by an enzyme? | they are involved directly in catalysis (fe 2+ and Cu in oxidation/reduction) (Zn helps binds NAD; Mg 2+ helps bind DNA) |
| Coenzymes are used in catalysis by? | *non-protein, organic molecules (vitamins) *co-substrates: changed by reaction and released from the enzyme (electron acceptor) |
| Prosthetic groups are used in catalysis by? | they are tightly bound to an enzyme that removal of it will denature it. heme binds ions,O2, electrons *flavin binds electrons |
| ATP serves as? | it serves as an energy currency in cells. Hydrolysis of ATP releases a large amount of free energy |
| ATP cycle couples? | It couples exergonic and Endergonic reactions transfers free energy from exergonic to endergonic reactions |
| Metabolism is organized in what way? | it is organized in pathways. the product of one reaction is the reactant for the next. |
| Competitive inhibitor | blocks the active site of an enzyme |
| noncompetitive inhibitor | Also known as an allosteric inhibitor it binds to the enzyme in another part altering the shape of the active site |
| Irreversible inhibitor | an inhibitor that sits in the active site of the enzyme permanently. in other words kills the enzyme |
| Another way that an enzyme cannot act with substrate | the end product of the metabolic pathway may inhibit the allosteric enzyme |
| What effects enzyme activity? | pH and temperature |
Created by:
lesly.carina
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