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Kap Micro Test 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| *PEQ* Why is the study of Microbes important? *LIST AT LEAST THREE* beneficial, as well as some detrimental ways that microbes affect our lives. | Microorganisms help maintain the balance of living organisms and chemicals in our environment. Microbes break down wastes and incorporate nitrogen gas from the air into organic compounds. Certain microbes play important roles in photosynthesis. |
| *PEQ* Why is the study of Microbes important? *LIST AT LEAST THREE* beneficial, as well as some detrimental Pt.2 ways that microbes affect our lives. Pt. 2 | We depend on Microbes in our intestines for digestion and the synthesis of some vitamins that we require. Microbes can also produce proteins, vaccines, and enzymes. Minority of microorganisms are pathogenic and disease causing. |
| What are the basic categories of organisms that concern us in Microbiology? List their major characteristics. | Bacteria, Archaea, Fungi, Protozoa, Algae, Viruses and Multicellular animal parasites. |
| Define Bacteria and list its major functions | Unicellular organisms. Basic shapes are bacillus, coccus and spiral. Can use wide range of chemical substances for their nutrition. |
| Define Archaea and list its major functions | Prokaryotic cell Lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls Live in extreme environment |
| Define Fungi and list its major functions | Eukaryotic cell Unicellular and multicellular Use organic chemicals for energy |
| Define Protozoa and list its major functions | Unicellular Eukaryotes Absorb or ingest organic chemicals |
| Define Algae and list its major functions | Unicellular or Multicellular Eukaryotes Cellulose cell walls Use photosynthesis for energy Produce molecular oxygen and organic compounds |
| Define Virus and list its major functions | Acellular Consists of DNA or RNA core covered by a protein coat |
| Define Multicellular Animal Parasite and list its major functions | Flatworms and roundworms (Helminthes) Microscopic in life cycle |
| *PEQ* List or describe the differences between the Eukaryotic and the Prokaryotic cell. *KNOW AT LEAST SEVEN DIFFERENCES* | PROKARYOTE: No nucleus Cell Wall No Organelles Ribosome/ 70s BF (Binary Fission) No cytoplasm Peptidoglycan cell walls |
| *PEQ* List or describe the differences between the Eukaryotic and the Prokaryotic cell. *KNOW AT LEAST SEVEN DIFFERENCES* Pt.2 | EUKARYOTE: Nucleus No cell wall Organelles Ribosome/ 80s M. M. (Mitosis & Miosis) Cytoplasm Polysaccharide cell walls |
| Understand and recognize the contributions of the following people to Microbiology | Anthony Van Leeuwenhoek Robert Hooke Edward Jenner Louis Pasteur Robert Koch Ignaz Semmelweiss Joseph Lister Paul Erlich Alexander Fleming Watson and Crick Frederick Griffith Avery, McCarthy and McCleod |
| Who is Anthony Van Leeuwenhoek and what was his major contribution to Microbiology | He was the first to observe microorganisms through a simple microscope |
| Who is Robert Hooke and what was his major contribution to Microbiology | He reported that living things re composed of boxes or cells |
| Who is Edward Jenner and what was his major contribution to Microbiology | He demonstrated that inoculation with cowpox material provided humans with immunity to smallpox |
| Who is Louis Pasteur and what was his major contribution to Microbiology | He demostrated that microorganisms are in the air and everywhere around us Offered proof of biogenesis His discoveries included the relationships between microbes and disease, immunity and antimicrobial drugs Discovered fermentation and Pasteurization |
| Who is Robert Koch and what was his major contribution to Microbiology | He provided proof that microorganisms cause disease and provided that experimental steps I. E. Koch's Postulates. Used Postulates to prove that a specific microbe causes a specific disease |
| Who is Ignaz Semmelweiss and what was his major contribution to Microbiology | He advocated handwashing to prevent transmission of puerperal fever from one OB patient to another. |
| Who is Joseph Lister and what was his major contribution to Microbiology | He introduced the use of a disinfectant to clean surgical wounds in order to control infections in humans |
| Who is Paul Erlich and what was his major contribution to Microbiology | He developed theories on immunity He developed a synthetic drug (Salvarsan) to treat syphilis |
| Who is Alexander Fleming and what was his major contribution to Microbiology | He discovered the first antibiotic (Penicillin) |
| Who are Watson and Crick and what were their major contributions to Microbiology | They identified the physical structure of DNA |
| Who is Frederick Griffith and what was his major contribution to Microbiology | He discovered the transformation in bacteria |
| Who are Avery, McCarthy and McCleod and what were their major contributions to Microbiology | They showed that DNA is hereditary and material |
| What are Koch's Postulates | 1. The same pathogen must be present in every case of disease 2. The pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture |
| What are Koch's Postulates Pt.2 | 3. The pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when it is inoculated into a healthy, susceptible laboratory animal 4. The pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original organism |
| *PEQ* List Koch's Postulates *AND* give an example of how they are used in modern scientific experimentation | Microorganisms are isolated from a diseased or dead animal. They are identified and grown in pure culture. The microorganisms are then injected into a healthy laboratory animal. |
| *PEQ* List Koch's Postulates *AND* give an example of how they are used in modern scientific experimentation Pt.2 | The disease is reproduced in the laboratory animal and the microorganisms are isolated. They are finally grown in pure culture and identified. |
| What is meant by "Recombinant DNA Technique" | A technique is technological or genetic engineering that involves microbial genetics and molecular biology. DNA is made from two different sources. |
| Why is Recombinant DNA important to us | The technique has helped advanced all areas of microbiology in such bacteria can produce important substances such as proteins, vaccines and enzymes using Recombant DNA |
| What is the specific nomenclature used to name microbes by genus and species? Learn to write microbial names correctly. | Salmonella typhimurium Streptococcus Pyogenes Saccharomyces Cerevisae Penicillium Chrysogenum Trypanosoma Cruzi |
| Words and definitions of Chapter 1 to know | Microbiology, microorganisms, microbes, bacteriology, mycology, parasitology, immunology, virology, normal flora (microbiota), virulence, Emerging infectious diseases, Prions, fermentation, pasteurization, germ theory of disease, chemotherapy, vaccine. |
| Define Microbiology | The study of microorganisms |
| Define Microorganisms | Living organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye |
| Define Microbes | Also called microorganisms |
| Define Bacteriology | The scientific study of prokaryotes, including bacteria and archaea |
| Define Mycology | The scientific study of fungi |
| Define Parasitology | The scientific study of parasitic protozoa and worms |
| Define Immunology | The study of a host's defenses to a pathogen |
| Define Virology | The scientific study of virus |
| Define Normal Flora (microbiota) | Microorganisms that colonize a host without causing disease |
| Define Virulence | The degree of pathogenicity of a microorganism |
| Define Emerging Infectious Diseases | A new or changing disease that is increasing or has the potential to increase in incidence in the near future |
| Define Prions | They are infectious agents consisting of a self-replicating protein, with no detectable nucleic acids |
| Define Fermentation | The enzymatic degradation of carbohydrates |
| Define Pasteurization | The process of mildly heating a substance to kill particular spoilage microorganisms or pathogens |
| Define Germ theory of disease | The principle that microorganisms cause disease |
| Define Chemotherapy | The treatment of disease with chemical substances |
| Define Vaccine | A preparation of killed, inactivated, or attenuated microorganisms or toxoids to induce artificially active immunity |
| Be able to list the parts and purposes of the compound microscope | Ocular lens Body tube Objective lenses Stage Condenser Diaphragm Illuminator |
| What does the Ocular Lens of the microscope do | Remagnifies the image formed by the objective lens |
| What does the Body tube of the microscope do | It transmits the image from the objective lens to the ocular lens |
| What do the Objective Lenses of the microscope do | They are the primary lenses that magnify the specimen |
| What does the Stage of the microscope do | It holds the slide in position on the microscope |
| What does the Condenser of the microscope do | It focuses light through the specimen |
| What does the Diaphragm of the microscope do | It controls the amount of light entering the condenser |
| What does the Illuminator of the microscope do | Its the light source of the microscope |
| What is the importance of oil when using the oil immersion objective | Immersion oil is used with the oil objective lens to reduce light loss between the slide and the lens |
| Identify the specific microscopes and a use for each type when the Bright field illumination microscope is not sufficient | Dark Field PHase Contrast/DIC Fluorescence Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) |
| How does a Dark Field microscope work | It shows a light outline of an organism against a dark background It is most useful for detecting the presence of extremely small organisms |
| How does a Phase Contrast/DIC microscope work | It brings direct and reflected (diffracted) light rays together to form an image of the specimen on the ocular lens Facilitate detailed examination of the internal structures of living specimens |
| How does a Florescence microscope work | It uses an Ultraviolet source of illumination that causes fluorescent compounds in a specimen to emit light |
| How does a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) work | It uses a beam of electrons instead of light electrons pass through the specimen 2-D image Used to examine viruses or the internal ultrastructure in thin sections of cells |
| How does a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) work | It uses a mean of electrons instead of light Electrons are reflected from the specimen 3-D image Used to study the surface features of cells and viruses |
| *PEQ* Explain how electron microscopic methods (TEM & SEM) differ from light microscopy | Instead of a light, a beam of electrons is used with an electron microscope Instead of class lenses, electromagnets control focus, illumination, and magnification |
| Know the difference between Simple, Differential and Special Stain | Simple: An aqueous or alcohol solution of a single basic dye; used to highlight microorganisms to determine cellular shape Differential: Such as Gram stain and acid fast stain; used to differentiate bacteria according to their reactions to the stains |
| Know the difference between Simple, Differential and Special Stain Pt.2 | Special Stain: Used to color and isolate various structures, such as capsules, endospores, and flagella; sometimes used as a diagnostic acid |
| *PEQ* Describe the order and names if the reagents in the Gram Stain and be able to explain what is happening to differentiate the cells at each step | Steps Gram Negative Gram Positive Primary Stain (Crystal Violet) Purple Purple Mordant (Iodine) Purple Purple |
| *PEQ* Describe the order and names if the reagents in the Gram Stain and be able to explain what is happening to differentiate the cells at each step Pt.2 | Steps Gram Negative Gram Positive Decolorizing (Alcohol) Clear Purple Counterstain (Safranin) Pink Purple |
| Understand the mechanism of these stains, and give an example of something we might be looking for with each | Acid Fast, Endospore and Capsule Stain |
| Describe the mechanism of an Acid Fast stain | Members of the genera Mycobacterium and Nocardia, retain carbolfuchsin after acid-alcohol decolorization and appear red non-acid-fast cells are stained with the methylene blue counterstain and appear blue |
| Describe the mechanism of an Endospore stain | When malachite green is applied to a heat-fixed smear of bacterial cells, the stain penetrates the endospores and stains them green; when safranin is then applied, it stains the remainder of the cells red or pink |
| Describe the mechanism of a Capsule stain | Bacteria are mixed in a solution containing a fine colloidal suspension of colored particles (usually India ink or nigrosin) to provide a contrasting background and then stain with safranin; appear halos surrounding each stained bacterial cell |
| Words and terms of Chapter 3 to know | Meter, centimeter, millimeter, micrometer, nanometer, wavelength, resolution, numerical aperture, reflection, transmission, absorption, magnification, refraction, diffraction |
| Define Wavelength | The distance between identical points in the adjacent cycle |
| Define Resolution | The ability of the lenses to distinguish fine detail and structure Resolving power |
| Define Numerical Aperture | A measure of its ability to gather light and resolve fine detail |
| Define Reflection | An image |
| Define Transmission | Transmit |
| Define Absorption | Absorb |
| Define Magnification | Power |
| Define Refraction | Change in direction of light due to passing from one medium to another |
| Define Diffraction | Interference of light due bending around objects |
| Be able to identify the basic shapes and arrangements of bacteria | Coccus (spherical) Bacillus (rod-shaped) Diplo (pairs) Strepto (chain) Tetrad (groups of four) Sarcinae (groups of eight) Staphylo (clusters) Spiral: Vibrios (curved) Spirilla (helical shape) Spirochetes (helical and flexible) |
| Be able to describe the structure and function of these prokaryotic elements, and be able to provide an example of how they are medically significant | Glycocalyx, Fimbriae, Pili, Flagella, Axial filaments |
| What is the structure and function of Glycocalyx | They arecapsule, slime layer, or extracellular polysaccharide and/or polypeptide covering Capsules may protect pathogens from phagocytosis |
| What is the structure and function of Fimbriae | They allow attachment Help cells adhere to surfaces |
| What is the structure and function of Pili | They are used to transfer DNA from one cell to another |
| What is the structure and function of Flagella | They're attached to a protein hook Anchored to the wall and membrane by the basal body |
| What is the structure and function of Axial Filaments | In spirochetes Anchored at one end of the cell Rotation causes cell to move |
| Know how these types of cell wall structures differ from normal bacteria that can be differentiated by the Gram Stain: Archaea, Mycoplasma | Mycoplasmas lack cell walls and their plasma membrane contains sterols Archaea are wall-less or walls that lack the NAM and D amino acids |
| Describe the structure and function of the prokaryotic plasma membrane | The plasma membrane of prokaryotes consists primarily of phospholipids It has selective permeability which allows passage of some molecules |
| Describe the structure and function of the prokaryotic plasma membrane Pt.2 | The membrane also contains enzymes capable of catalyzing the chemical reactions that break down nutrients and produce ATP Chromatophores or thylakoids are pigments and enzymes involved in photosynthesis. |
| Identify the funtion of the Nuclear area | (Nucleid) contains the DNA of the bacterial chromosome |
| Identify the function of Ribosomes | Sites of protein synthesis |
| Identify the function of Inclusions | Reserve deposits within cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells |
| Identify the functions of Endospores | Resting structures formed by some bacteria Resistant desiccation, heat, and chemicals Bacillus, Clostridium |
| Words and terms for Chapter 4 | Peptidoglycan, LPS (Lipo-plysaccharide), Outer membrane of G-bacteria, Periplasmic space, Glycocalyx, Slime layer, Gram type, Gram reaction, Gram variable, Spheroplast, Protoplast, Plasmids, Group translocation, Inclusions, Osmosis |
| Define Peptidoglycan | The structural molecule of bacterial cell walls consisting of the molecules N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylmuramic acid, tetrapeptide side chain, and peptide side chain |
| Define LPS (Lipo-Polysaccharide) | A molecule consisting of a lipid and a polysaccharide, forming the outer membrane of gram-negative cell walls |
| Define Outer Membrane of G-Bacteria | Consists of LPS, lipoproteins, and phospholipids; evading phagocytosis and the actions of complement; provides a barrier to certain antibiotics and digestive enzymes |
| Define Perplasmic Space | Region of a gram-negative cell wall between the outer membrane and the cytoplasmic membrane |
| Define Glycocalyx | A layer of material containing substantial amounts of sticky carbohydrates which covalently bonded to proteins and lipids in plasma membrane |
| Define Slime Layer | The glycocalyx that is unorganized and loosely attached |
| Define Gram Type | Gram + and Gram - |
| Define Gram Reaction | Different structure of cell walls results in different reactions of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria |
| Define Gram Variable | Gram-positive genera that show a number of gram-negative cells as the culture ages; Bacillus, Clostridium |
| Define Spheroplast | A gram-negative bacterium treated to damage the cell wall, resulting in a spherical cell; using lysozyme catalyzes |
| Define Protoplast | A gram-positive bacterium or plant cell treated to remove the cell wall by exposure to the digestive enzyme lysozyme |
| Define Plasmids | Small circular DNA molecule that replicates independently of the chromosome |
| Define Group Translocation | In prokaryotes, active transport in which a substance is chemically altered during transport across the plasma membrane |
| Define Inclusions | Metachromatic granules (inorganic phosphate), polysaccharide granules, lipid inclusions, sulfur granules, carboxysomes, magnetosomes, and gas vacuoles |
| Define Osmosis | Net movement of solvent molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration |
| Be able to identify components and function(s) of enzyme(s) | Enzymes speed up biochemical reactions at a temperature that is compatible with the normal functioning of the cell. |
| Name the Enzyme components | Apoenzyme: The protein portion of an enzyme, which requires activation by a coenzyme Cofactor: Nonprotein component of an enzyme Coenzyme: A nonprotein substance that is associated with and that activates an enzyme |
| List the factors that influence enzymatic activity | Temperature, pH, Substrate Concentrate, Inhibitors |
| Define Temperature | The enzymatic activity increases with increasing temperature until the enzyme, a protein, is denatured by heat and inactivated |
| Define pH | Most enzymes have an optimum pH at which their activity is characteristically maximal. Extreme changes in pH can cause denaturation. Enzyme active at about pH 5.0 |
| Define Substrate Concentrate | With increasing concentration of substrate molecules, the rate of reaction increases until the active sites on all the enzyme molecules are filled, at which point the maximum rate of reaction is reached |
| Define Inhibitors | Competitive inhibitors fill the active site of an enzyme and compete with the normal substrate for the active site it does not undergo any reaction to form products Noncompetitive inhibitors do not compete with the substrate for the enzyme’s active site |
| *PEQ* Be able to describe the relationship between Glycolysis, Grebs cycle, ETS, aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, fermentation, glucose, pyruvic acid, and ATP | Glycolysis is the oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid with the production of ATP and energy-containing NADH |
| *PEQ* Be able to describe the relationship between Glycolysis, Grebs cycle, ETS, aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, fermentation, glucose, pyruvic acid, and ATP | Grebs cycle is the oxidation of acetyl CoA to carbon dioxide with the production of some ATP energy-containing NADH and a reduced electron carrier, HADH2 |
| *PEQ* Be able to describe the relationship between Glycolysis, Grebs cycle, ETS, aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, fermentation, glucose, pyruvic acid, and ATP | ETS: NADH and FADH2 are oxidized, contributing the electrons they have carried from the substrates to a cascade of oxidation-reduction reactions involving a series of additional electron carriers Aerobic respiration- uses oxygen |
| *PEQ* Be able to describe the relationship between Glycolysis, Grebs cycle, ETS, aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, fermentation, glucose, pyruvic acid, and ATP | Anaerobic respiration- does not use oxygen and may even be killed by it |
| *PEQ* Be able to describe the relationship between Glycolysis, Grebs cycle, ETS, aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, fermentation, glucose, pyruvic acid, and ATP | Fermentation- the enzymatic degradation of carbohydrates in which the final electron acceptor is an organic molecule, |
| *PEQ* Be able to describe the relationship between Glycolysis, Grebs cycle, ETS, aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, fermentation, glucose, pyruvic acid, and ATP | ATP is synthesized by substrate-level phosphorylation, and O2 is not required |
| *PEQ* Be able to describe the relationship between Glycolysis, Grebs cycle, ETS, aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, fermentation, glucose, pyruvic acid, and ATP | Glucose- carbohydrate energy source Pyruvic acid- first stage of carbohydrate catabolism ATP- energy |
| Be able to compare the output and by-products of various catabolic pathways | Phototrophs: use light as their primary energy source Chemotrophs: depend on oxidation-reduction reactions of inorganic or organic compounds for energy Autotrophs: use carbon dioxide Heterotrophs: require an organic carbon source |
| Words and terms of Chapter 5 | Metabolism, Catabolism, Anabolism, Oxidation, Reduction, ATP, Phosphorylation, Citric Acid Cycle, Tricarboxylic Cycle (TCA) |
| Define Metabolism | The sum of all the chemical reactions that occur in a living cell |
| Define Catabolism | All decomposition reactions in a living organism; the breakdown of complex organic compounds into simpler ones |
| Define Anabolism | All synthesis reactions in a living organism The building of complex organic molecules from simpler ones |
| Define Oxidation | The removal of electrons from a molecule |
| Define Reduction | The addition of electrons to a molecule |
| Define ATP | Energy released during oxidation-reduction reactions |
| Define Phosphorylation | The addition of a phosphate group to an organic molecule |
| Define Citric Acid Cycle | It is also known as Krebs cycle |
| Define Tricarboxylic Cycle (TCA) | Krebs Cycle |
| Define Pentose phosphate Pathway | A metabolic pathway that can occur simultaneously with glycolysis to produce pentoses and NADH without ATP production |
| Define growth of microbes, including binary fission | Microbial growth: Number of cells with respect to time Binary fission: Prokaryotic cell reproduction by division into two daughter cells |
| Know the phases of microbial growth, and what is happening in each phase | Lag phase- period of little or no change in the number of cells, but metabolic activity is high Log phase- cells are multiply in logarithm |
| Know the phases of microbial growth, and what is happening in each phase Pt.2 | Stationary phase: Equilibrium between cell division and death Death phase: The number of deaths exceeds the number of new cells formed |
| Be able to calculate the generation time, if given the formula and 2 numbers | Generation time: The time required for a cell or population to double in number |
| Classify microbes into groups based on temperature, pH, osmotic pressure, and hydrostatic pressure, oxygen and carbon dioxide requirements | Temperature: Psychrophiles Mesophiles Thermophiles pH: Acidophiles Osmotic Pressure: Extreme Halophiles Obligate Halophiles Facultative Halophiles |
| Classify microbes into groups based on temperature, pH, osmotic pressure, and hydrostatic pressure, oxygen and carbon dioxide requirements (Temperature) | Psychrophiles: Cold-loving microbes; grows best at about 15⁰C and does not after 20⁰C Mesophiles: Moderate-temperature-loving microbes; grows between 10⁰C and 50⁰C Thermophiles: Heat-loving-microbes; optimum growth temperature is between 50⁰C and 60⁰C |
| Classify microbes into groups based on temperature, pH, osmotic pressure, and hydrostatic pressure, oxygen and carbon dioxide requirements (pH) | pH: Most bacteria grow best in a narrow pH range near neutrality, between pH 6.5 and 7.5 Acidophiles: A bacterium that grows below pH 4; tolerant of acidity |
| Classify microbes into groups based on temperature, pH, osmotic pressure, and hydrostatic pressure, oxygen and carbon dioxide requirements (Osmotic Pressure) | Osmotic pressure: The force with which a solvent moves from a solution of lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration Extreme halophiles: Organism that requires a high salt concentration for growth |
| Classify microbes into groups based on temperature, pH, osmotic pressure, and hydrostatic pressure, oxygen and carbon dioxide requirements (Osmotic Pressure) Pt.2 | Obligate halophiles: Organism that requires high osmotic pressure such as a high concentration of NaCl Facultative halophiles: Organism that do not require high salt concentration but are able to grow |
| Classify microbes into groups based on temperature, pH, osmotic pressure, and hydrostatic pressure, oxygen and carbon dioxide requirements (Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide) | Obligate aerobes: Growth occurs only where high concentration of O2 Facultative anaerobes: Growth is best with O2, but still growth if without Obligate anaerobes: Growth occurs only w/out O2 |
| Classify microbes into groups based on temperature, pH, osmotic pressure, and hydrostatic pressure, oxygen and carbon dioxide requirements (Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide) Pt.2 | Aerotolerant anaerobes: O2 has no effect; growth occurs evenly Microaerophiles: Growth occurs only where there is low concentration of O2 |
| Identify ways in which aerobes avoid damage by toxic forms of oxygen | Singlet oxygen- extremely reactive; higher-energy state Superoxide radicals: Use oxygen as a final electron acceptor, forming water; toxic to cellular components |
| Identify ways in which aerobes avoid damage by toxic forms of oxygen Pt.2 | Peroxide anion: Toxic: Active principle in the antimicrobial agents Hydroxyl radical: Most reactive; formed in the cellular cytoplasm by ionizing radiation |
| Know the difference between complex and chemically defined media | Complex media: One in which the exact chemical composition varies slightly from batch to batch Chemically defined media: One in which the exact chemical composition is known |
| *PEQ* Justify the use of each of the following: anaerobic techniques, candle jars, differential media, and selective media. Use an example of an organism you might be looking for, with each example (use appropriate nomenclature) | Anaerobic techniques: Chamber is filled with inert gases and is equipped with air locks to introduce cultures and materials; Mycobacterium leprae |
| *PEQ* Justify the use of each of the following: anaerobic techniques, candle jars, differential media, and selective media. Use an example of an organism you might be looking for, with each example (use appropriate nomenclature) Pt.2 | Candle jars: Cultures are placed in a large sealed jar containing lighted candle to obtain CO2; Campylobacter jejuni |
| *PEQ* Justify the use of each of the following: anaerobic techniques, candle jars, differential media, and selective media. Use an example of an organism you might be looking for, with each example (use appropriate nomenclature) Pt.3 | Differential media: A solid culture medium that makes it easier to distinguish colonies of the desired organism; Streptococcus pyogenes |
| *PEQ* Justify the use of each of the following: anaerobic techniques, candle jars, differential media, and selective media. Use an example of an organism you might be looking for, with each example (use appropriate nomenclature) Pt.4 | Selective media: A culture medium designed to suppress the growth of unwanted microorganisms and encourage the growth of desired one; Salmonella typhi |
| Know 4 different “direct methods” for measuring microbial growth | Plate counts Filtration The Most Probate Number (MPN) Direct Microscopic Count |
| Plate Counts Method | The number of viable microbes and assumes that each bacterium grows into a single colony; number of colony-forming unit (CFU) |
| Filtration Method | Bacteria are retained on the surface of a membrane filter and then transferred to a culture medium to grow and subsequently be counted |
| The Most Probate Number (MPN) Method | Can be used for microbes that will grow in a liquid medium; it is a statistical estimation |
| Direct Microscopic count Method | Microbes in a measured volume of a bacterial suspension are counted with the use of a specially designed slide |
| Differentiate between direct and indirect methods of measuring growth | Direct measurement: Population’s total mass, which is often directly proportional to cell number |
| Differentiate between direct and indirect methods of measuring growth Pt.2 | Indirect measurement: Microbial numbers and activity by turbidity—measuring the amount of light that passes through a suspension of cells |
| Differentiate between direct and indirect methods of measuring growth Pt.3 | metabolic activity: Measuring the metabolic activity of the population Dry weight measurement of filamentous organisms such as fungi |
| Explain how microbes are preserved | Microbes can be preserved for long periods of time by deep-freezing or lyophilization (freeze-drying) |
| Words and Terms of Chapter 6 | Synchronous Growth Spectrophometry Stock Cultures Neutrophile Alkaliphile Capnophiles Superoxides Turgid Barophiles |
| Define Synchronous Growth | A population of bacteria in which all cells divide at approximately the same |
| Define Spectrophometry | Measurement of turbidity in which a beam of light is transmitted through a bacterial suspension to a light-senstitive detector |
| Define Stock cultures | Cultures of microorganisms maintained solely for the purpose of keeping microorganisms in a viable condition by subculture, as necessary, into fresh culture |
| Define Neutrophile | A highly phagocytic granulocyte; also called polymorphoculear leukocyte (PMN) |
| Define Alkaliphile | Microbe classified as extremophile that thrive in alkaline environments at pH 9-11 |
| Define Capnophiles | Microbes that grow better at high CO2 concentrations |
| Define Superoxides | Toxic anion with an unpaired electron |
| Define Turgid | Distended or swollen, especially due to high fluid content |
| Define Barophiles | Microorganisms that can survive under great pressures |
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