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Prin. of Bio test 3
Study notes for Principles of Biology test 3 NGU edition
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The folded side of the mitochondria is the _______ | Cristae |
| An atom losing an electron is being | Oxidized |
| An atom gaining an electron is being | reduced |
| an atom losing an electron to another atom is the ___________ Agent | Oxidizing |
| An atom giving an electron to another atom is the ___________ Agent | Reducing |
| ___ passes from a high concentration gradient in the cristae to the Matrix. | H+ (Hydrogen Ion) |
| ______ in the Matrix receives Hydrogen Ions and accepts it to prevent the Matrix from becoming too acidic. | O2 (oxygen) |
| ______________ is a starting reactant as well as a product of the Kreb cycle. | Oxaloacetate |
| NADH produces _____ ATP | 3 |
| FADH produces _____ ATP | 2 |
| The Kreb cycle is also called the ________ _____ cycle | Citrus Acid |
| NAD+ used in Plants for Photosynthesis is ____ | NADP+ |
| In Photosystem II, ______ is split to add electrons back to system. | Water |
| Competitive inhibitor, binds to the _________ | Substrate |
| Noncompetitive inhibitor, binds to the ________ | Allosteric site |
| ___________ takes glucose and breaks it down. | Catabolism |
| ___________ can either enhance or inhibit the effect of the enzyme | Allosteric inhibitors |
| Organisms that create their own food and produce the biosphere | Autotrophs |
| Organisms that obtain their organic food from other sources. Depend on autotrophs | Heterotrophs |
| Photosynthesis 6CO2+12H20+light energy=C6H12O6(GLUCOSE)+602+6H20 | |
| All living things use _________ __________ | Cellular Respiration |
| substances that absorb physical light | pigments |
| Light independent reactions occur in | stroma |
| A macromolecule that acts as a catalyst | enzyme |
| a chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed | catalyst |
| The initial investment of energy for starting a reaction through the contorting of the reactant molecules | activation energy/free energy of activation |
| The state where the molecules have absorbed enough energy for the bonds to break and the reactants are in an unstable condition. | Transition state |
| The reactant an enzyme acts on | substrate |
| the name of an enzyme binded to a substrate | enzyme substrate complex |
| the substrate binds to the | active site |
| _______ reactions are reversible | enzyme |
| The shape of the enzyme changes to accept the substrate. this is called | induced fit |
| Group that does not have the test condition acted upon it. | Control group |
| Name the order of the scientific method | Observe, Hypothesis, prediction, experiment, conclusion |
| 4 properities of water | 1) cohesion behavior 2) ability to moderate temperature 3) expansion upon freesing 4) universal solvent |
| Cohesion in water is | when hydrogen bonds are holding water molecules together |
| In increasing order of strength, the 4 types of bonds are ordered | Hydrogen, Ionic, polar/nonpolar covalent |
| Proteins are made in the | Ribosomes |
| Lipids are synthesized in the | Smooth ER |
| Energy source of the cell is the | mitochondria |
| the central vaccuole | holds organic compounds and water |
| the green thing in plant cells is the | chloroplast |
| do plants have mitochondria | yes |
| Breaks down hydrogen peroxide | peroxisome |
| increase surface area | Microvilla |
| in the phospholipid bilayer, _____ are imbedded | Proteins, |
| The fluid mosiac model is named by | Singer and Nicholson |
| Proteins and DNA wrapped together are called | chromatin (A length of it is a nucleosome, a singular is a histome) |
| Photosynthesis happens in | plants |
| light independent uses the _______ and produces | calvin cycle. Glucose |
| Photosynthesis happens in | chloroplasts |
| The only place oxygen is made in photosynthesis happens is in | photosystem 2 |
| The photosystems in photosynthesis make | ATP and Oxygen (2) and NADPH (1) |
| The ATP and NADPH produced in photosynthesis works the | light independent reactions |
| The final electron receptor in respiration is | oxygen |
| Respiration makes __ or __ ATP overall | 32 or 36 |
| gametes are the _________ cells | reproductive |
| if a chromosome is duplicated, it has 2 ___________ | sister chromatids |
| The centromere is the ______ of the sister chromatids | waist/joining point |
| DNA replicates in the ______ phase | S |
| In the first Gap phase | the cell gets bigger |
| Interphase is about __% of the cell cycle | 90 |
| Name the 4 phases of the cell phase | prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase (/cytokinesis) |
| ______ connect the centrioles to the cell wall | Asters |
| The ordered display of chromosomes | |
| a haploid cell has ____ the cells of it's parent. what type of cell is haploid | half. gamete |
| DNA replication is called | semiconservative |
| helocase | unwinds and splits the DNA |
| Topoisomerase | Keeps the DNA from supercoiling |
| The single strand binding proteins | holds the DNA apart |
| brings the DNA the nucleotides | DNA polymerase |
| the DNA polymerase moves form | 5' to 3' |
| The leading strand is claled the leading strand because it is made smoothly and continuously. the lagging strand has gaps. These are called _____ | Okazaki fragments |
| Heterozygous is also called | carrier and hybrid |
| Sickle Cell anemia is | codominant (symptoms will show up in carriers) |
| Homozygous recessive diseases are | Cystic vibrosis. Tay sachs. PKU. |
| Codominant diseases and flowers | Sickle Cell and Snap Dragons |
| Sex Linked Diseases (X linked) | Hemophilia. Male Pattern Baldness. Colorblindness. Muscular distrophy. |
| If a female is a carrier of male pattern baldness, what is her genotype | X^M, X^m where M = baldness |
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