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Biology test #4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| hello | test |
| What is an allele? | variation of the gene, can be dominant (D) or recessive (d). |
| What are autosomal chromosomes? | all chromosomes except for the sex chromosomes. |
| How many pairs do homologous chromosomes have? Do they have the same genes? Do they have the same alleles? | 1 from each gamete; they do have the game genes; they can have different alleles. |
| What is a genotype? | The genetic makeup of an individual. |
| What is homozygous? | Both alleles are the same (DD or dd). |
| What is heterozygous? | Two different alleles (Dd). |
| What is a phenotype? | The outward appearance of an organism. Dominant phenotype can have DD or dd genotype. |
| Mendal's Law of Segregation | alleles from one gene segregate independently and randomly-(homologous chromosomes) being dominant or recessive has no bearing on what it combines with |
| Mendal's Law of Independent Assortment | genes on non homologous chromosomes segregate independently (dihybrid cross, ex:flowers can be tall and white, or tall and purple)factors of different traits, work independently, make random combinations traits have no relationship with each other |
| What is a punnett square? How is it used to predict the outcome of a genetic cross? | A Punnett square identifies all of the possible allele combinations of a (particular trait) when two organisms are crossed (mate). |
| What is incomplete dominance? | Both alleles are partially expressed |
| What is co-dominance? | both traits are 100% present |
| What is polygenic inheritance? | When many genes code for one trait |
| What is a multifactorial trait? | a trait affected by the environment and genes |
| What are the stages of transcription? | 1) initiation 2) elongation 3)termination |
| What is transcription? | Conversion of DNA to mRNA |
| What is mRNA consist of? What does it consist of? | A single strand of nucleotides - three base codons. Phosphate, sugar ribose, and nitrogen. |
| How is mRNA constructed? | complimentary base pairing. (CGAU pairs with GCTA). |
| What is the complimentary base pairing for RNA production? | Adenine-Uracil Guanine-Cytosine |
| (AUGC) | A single strand of nucleotides - three base codons. Phosphate, sugar ribose, and nitrogen. |
| What is the complimentary base pairing for DNA replication? | Adenine-Thymine Guanine-Cytosine |
| (ATGC) | Adenine-Uracil Guanine-Cytosine |
| A start codon is always....? | a.a. met. |
| What is processing? | before mRNA leaves the nucleus, enzymes cute out introns and splice exons. |
| What is an anticodon? | The part of a tRNA that binds to a codon in mRNA |
| What are introns and exons? | Introns are regions of DNA that are noncoding. |
| Exons are regions of DNA that code for protein. | before mRNA leaves the nucleus, enzymes cute out introns and splice exons. |
| What is translation? | the synthesis of a polypeptide, using the information in the mRNA. |
| What is the site of translation? | ribosome |
| What is tRNA? | It carries the amino acids found in the cytoplasm to the ribosome |
| What is the process of tRNA? | Transfers amino acid to "A" site of ribosome, then shifts to "P" site. After a peptide bond is formed with the next amino acid, the tRNA is released. |
| Interphase parts and what happens in them? | G 1 phase - synthesis of organelles, cell division |
| S phase - DNA synthesis | It carries the amino acids found in the cytoplasm to the ribosome |
| G 2 phase - Final Growth (synthesis of spindle fibers), completion of DNA replication | Transfers amino acid to "A" site of ribosome, then shifts to "P" site. After a peptide bond is formed with the next amino acid, the tRNA is released. |
| What is DNA replication? | the process by which new copies of DNA are made. The basic steps include unwinding of double stranded DNA by helicase to make a template strand and synthesis of a new strand through addition of nucleotides by DNA polymerase |
| What is RNA polymerase? | The enzyme that carries out transcription |
| What is a centromere? | the part of a chromosome that links pairs |
| What is DNA replication? | duplication of DNA using complimentary base pairing of nucleotide bases (ATCG) with the help of DNA a ploymerase enzyme, producing two identical sister chromatids joined by a centromere. |
| What is DNA construction? | Sense strand (genetic code) and nonsense strand are joined by complimentary base pairing. |
| What is a chromotid? | A replicated chromosome. |
| What is a "Sense strand"? | AKA coding strand has the same sequence as the RNA, except U replaces T (CGAU). |
| What is the purpose of the nonsense strand? | The strand of DNA that gets out |
| What are spindle fibers? | proteins going from one side of the cell to another |
| What is mitosis? | Cell replication by the processes of chromosome duplication and separation that produces dauughter cells with identical sets of chromosomes only in somatic cells (non-sex) |
| What are the four stages of Mitosis? | 1. Prophase 2. Metaphase 3. Anaphase 4. Telophase |
| Where does mitosis take place? | in the nucleus of the cell |
| What happens during prophase (mitosis)? | Chromosomes condense and spindle fibers form. |
| what happens during metaphase (mitosis)? | chromosomes line up in the middle |
| What happens during anaphase (mitosis)? | Chromosomes are separated |
| What happens during telephase (mitosis)? | Chromosomes reach the poles and cytokineses begins |
| what happens during cytokineses (mitosis)? | the cytoplasm divides. the organelles are distributed into each of the new cells. |
| What is the result of mitosis? | 2 diploid identical daughter cells w/ 46 chromosomes |
| Diploid number | 46 |
| Haploid number | 23 |
| What is the longest phase of Meiosis? | Prophase 1 |
| What are the stages of meiosis? | Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II |
| What is meiosis? | special nuclear division that occurs in gonads to produce gametes (sexual reproduction). |
| What is the result of meiosis? | 4 haploid daughter cells produced through 1 replication and 2 divisions (23 chromosomes each) |
| What happens during prophase 1 (meiosis)? | crossing over |
| What happens during metaphase 1 (meiosis)? | Homologous chromosomes line up in pairs at the center of the cell |
| What happensduring anaphase 1 (meiosis)? | homologous chromosomes separate towards the opposite poles of the cells |
| What happens during Anaphase 2? | sister chromatids are separated |
| What is meant by a homologous chromosome? | same length, same genes on each one |
| What is cancer? | Uncontrolled dell division, loss of apoptosis, contact inhibition, function and differentiation. Cells with abnormal nuclei. |
| What is apoptosis? | the process of programmed cell death |
| What is contact inhibition? | Normal cells stop dividing when they come in contact with another cell. |
| What is carcinogenesis? | formation of cancer |
| What is Metastasis? | movement/spreading of cancer |
| What is Angiogenesis? | formation/growth of new blood cessels |
| what are multifactorial traits? | more than one factor effects inheritance |
| What is polygenic inheritance? | more than one gene effects the trait |
| What is nondisjunction? | failure of chromosomes to seperate during meiosis |
| What is point mutation? | change in one base |
| Area where DNA is replicated | Nucleus |
| Area where transcription takes place | Nucleus |
| Area where translation takes place | ribosome |
| Area where tRNA binds to amino acid | cytoplasm |
| What is a codon? | A group of 3 mRNA bases |
| What is an anticodon? | The complementary end of a codon on mRNA |
| What is a ribosome? | makes proteins in the cell |
| What is RNA polymerase? | transcription enzyme that links RNA nucleotides together |
| What is DNA polymerase? | replicates DNA |
| What is DNA polymerase? | replicates DNA |
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