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A&P Chp. 4
Integumentary System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Integumentary System | -skin (cutaneous membrane) |
| Skin Derivatives | -sweat glands -oil glands -hair -nails |
| Skin Functions | -protects deeper tissues from different damages -aids in body heat loss or heat retention -aids in excretion of urea and uric acid -synthesizes vitamin D |
| Melanin | -pigment produced by melanocytes -melanocytes are mostly in the stratum basale -color is yellow to brown to bladk -amount melanin produced depends upon genetics and exposure to sunlight |
| Carotene | -orange/yellow pigment from some vegetables |
| Hemoglobin | -red coloring from blood cells in dermal capillaries -oxygen content determines the extent of red coloring. |
| Alterations in Skin Color | -redness -pallor -jaundice -bruises |
| List 4 Cells of the Epidermis | 1)keratinocytes 2)melanocytes 3)epidermal dendritic cells 4)merkel cells |
| Keratinocytes | -produce keratin -desmosome connections -arise basally -progress apically -apical cells are dead, filled with keratin |
| Melanocytes | -spider shaped -synthesize melanin -found in the stratum basale -color is yellow to brown to black -amount of melanin produced depends upon genetics and exposure to sunlight |
| Epidermal Dendritic Cells | -langerhans' cells -immune cells -processes extend to form almost continuous network -important for activation of the immune response |
| Merkel Cells | -epidermal-dermal junction -spiky hemisphere -associate with disc-like sensory nerve -important for the sense of touch |
| Appendages of the Skin | -cutaneous glands are all EXOCRINE glands (sebaceous + sweat) -hair -hair follicles -nails -sweat glands (sudoriferous gland) |
| Two Main Types of Sudoriferous Glands | 1)eccrine 2)apocrine |
| Eccrine | -open via duct to pore on skin surface -produce sweat -merocrine |
| Apocrine | -ducts empty into hair follicles -begin to function at puberty -release sweat that also contains fatty acids and proteins -NO ROLE IN THERMAL REGULATION |
| Regulation of Body Temperature | -abundant dermal blood supply -role in regulating body temp. -high body temp. (capillaries dialate) -low body temp. (capillaries constrict) |
| Composition of Sweat | -99% water -1% salts, vitamin C, fatty acids, protein |
| Function of Sweat | -helps dissipate excess heat -excretes waste products -acidic nature inhibits bacteria growth |
| List 2 Other Sudoriferous Glands | 1)ceruminous glands (ear wax gland) 2)mammary glands (secrete milk) |
| Oil (Sebaceous Glands) | -produce oil (sebum) -most have ducts than empty into hair follicles; others directly onto skin -glands are activated at puberty |
| Function of Sebum | -lubricant for skin -prevents brittle hair -kills bacteria |
| Characteristics of Nails | -scale-like modifications of the epidermis (heavily keratinized) -stratum basale extends beneath the nail bed (responsible for growth) -lack of pigment make them colorless |
| Nail Structures | -free edge -body is the visible attached portion -root of nail embedded in skin -cuticle is the proximal nail fold that projects onto the nail body |
| Characteristics of Hair | -produced by hair follicle -consist of hard keratinized epithelial cells -scale-like cells of the cuticle overlap one another in hair shaft |
| Hair Anatomy | -central medulla -cortex surrounds medulla -cuticle on outside of cortex *MEDULLA ONLY EXISTS IN LONG THICK HAIR* |
| Hair Colors | -melanocytes provide pigment for hair color -red hair (trichosiderin) -grey and white (decrease melanin production, melanin replacement with air bubbles) |
| Structure of Hair Follicles | -from epidermal surface to the dermis -hair bulb at the base of the hair root -hair follicle receptor/hair root plexus -hair papilla (nourishment + signals) -connective tissue root sheath -glassy membrane -epithelial root sheath -hair matrix |
| Associated Hair Structures | -arrector pilli muscle -sebaceous gland -sudoriferous gland |
| Types of hair (2) | 1)vellus hair 2)terminal hair |
| Vellus Hair | -fine body hair -children and adult women |
| Terminal Hair | -coarser and longer -often darker -androgen control (testosterone) |
| Baldness | -alopecia -male pattern baldness |
| Burns | -lost water retention -tissue damage and cell death caused by heat, electricity, UV radiation or chemicals -associated dangers: dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, circulatory shock |
| Rule of Nines | -way to determine the extent of burns -body is divided into 11 areas for quick estimation -each area represents about 9% of total body surface area |
| First-Degree Burns | -only epidermis is damaged -skin is red and swollen |
| Second-Degree Burns | -epidermis and upper dermis are damaged -skin is red with blisters |
| Third-Degree Burns | -destroys entire skin layer; burned area is painless -burn is gray, white or black |
| Burns are considered CRITICAL if | -over 25% of body has 2nd degree burn -over 10% of body has 3rd degree burn -3rd degree burns of face, hands and feet |
| Infections | -athlete's foot (fungal infection) -boils and carbuncles (bacterial infection in hair follicles) -cold sores (virus)*can hide and reactivate* |
| Infections and Allergies | -contact dermatitis (i.e. poison ivy) -impetigo (bacterial infection) -psoriasis (cause unknown) |
| Fourth Month Skin Development | -strata of epidermis -dermal papillae (fingerprints) -beginnings of epidermal derivatives |
| Fifth and Sixth Month Skin Development | -lanugo (fine coating of protective hair) *lost in month seven* |
| Skin in Adolescene | -sebaceous and apocrine glands activate |
| Skin in 40's | -epidermal cell replacement slows -skin thins -skin heals more slowly |
| Skin in 50's | -active hair follicles decrease by 2/3 |
| Tumor | abnormal cell growth |
| Classified Tumor in 2 Ways | -benign (does not spread) -malignant (cancer; metastasized) |
| Most Common Type of Cancer | Skin Cancer |
| Carcinoma | -cancer of epithelial layer of skin |
| Basale Cell Carcinoma | -least malignant (grows slowly) -most common type -arises from stratum basale |
| Squamous Cell Carcinoma | -metastasizes to lymph nodes if not removed -early removal allows a good chance of cure -believed to be sun-induced -arises from stratum spinosum |
| Malignant Melanoma | -most deadly of skin cancers -cancers of melanocytes -metastasizes rapidly to lymph and blood vessels -detection uses ABCD rule |
| ABCD Rule | -A= asymmetry -B= border irredularity -C= color -D= diameter -E= evolving |
| Asymmetry | -two sides of pigmented mole do not match |
| Border Irregularity | -borders of mole are not smooth |
| Color | -different colors in pigmented area |
| Diameter | -spot is larger than 6mm in diameter |
| Interrelationships of the Integumentary System and Other Organ Systems | -whole body responds to integument injury -whole body benefits from the integument |
| Components of the Integumentary System | -hair -nail -glands (sebaceous + sweat) -hair follicle |
| List 7 Layers of Skin from Deep to Superficial | -dermis -epidermis -merkel Cells -stratum spinosum -stratum granulosum -stratum lucidum -stratum corneum |
| Parts of Hair | -cuticle -cortex -medulla |
| Parts of Hair Follicle | -hair pipillae -melanocyte -root plexus -connective sheath |
| Function of Skin | -provide protection -waterproof -thermal regulation -waste removal -vitamin D |
Created by:
Greenpeas
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