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Mod 1B A&P Ch. 5

Mechanisms of Disease (DL)

QuestionAnswer
Health The physical, mental, and social well-being of a person.
Disease A physiological disturbance that threatens the well-being of a person; "lack of ease".
Signs Objective abnormalities that can be seen or measured by someone other than the patient.
Symptoms The subjective abnormalities felt only by the patient.
Syndrome A collection of different signs and symptoms, usually with a common cause, that presents a distinct picture of a pathological condition.
Acute Signs and symptoms that appear suddenly, persist for a short time, then disappear.
Chronic Diseases that develop slowly and last for a long time.
Etiology The study of all factors involved in causing a disease.
Idiopathic Diseases with undetermined causes.
Communicable/Infectious Diseases that can be transmitted from one individual to another.
Pathogenesis The pattern of a disease's development.
Incubation Early, latent stage of an infection, during which and infection has begun but signs or symptoms have not yet developed.
Latent "hidden" stage during which virus' establishes itself in a patient.
Endemic A disease that is native to a local region.
Epidemic A disease that spreads to many individuals at the same time within a defined geographic region.
Pandemics Epidemics that spread throughout the world.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention U.S. Public Health Service that tracks the incidence and spread of disease in the country and worldwide.
Morbidity Disease rates in specific populations.
Mortality The numbers of deaths caused by specific diseases.
Pathophysiology The study of the underlying physiological processes associated with disease.
Autoimmunity Faulty response or over-reaction of the immune system that causes it to attack the body.
Inflammation Common response of the body to disturbances.
Inflammatory Response A normal mechanism that usually speeds recovery from an infection or injury.
Inflammatory Mechanisms Autoimmunity and Inflammation
Degeneration Breaking apart, or degeneration of tissues by means of many still unknown processes.
Risk Factors Certain predisposing conditions that may make the development of a disease more likely to occur. They do not cause a disease but may put one "at risk" for developing it.
Genetic Factors An inherited trait.
Age Biological and behavorial variations inherent during different phases of the human life cycle putting one at greater risk for developing certain diseases at certain times in life.
Lifestyle The way one lives and works.
Stress Physical, psychological or emotional stress
Psychogenic Disorders Conditions caused by psychological factors.
Environmental Factors Factors such as climate and pollution or parasites that can cause injury or disease.
Preexisting Conditions A condition already present that may affect a persons capacity to defend themselves against further attack.
The 6 Risk Factors Genetic, Age, Lifestyle, Stress, Environmental and Preexisting
Microbes Microscopic organisms that can cause disease in humans.
Types of Microscopic Organisms Bacteria, Fungi, and protozoa
Viruses Intracellular parasites that consist of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein coat and sometimes lipoprotien.
SARS (Severe acute respiratory syndrome) Virus that is spread when virus particles are shed by an infected body by way of respiratory fluids and then come in contact with another person's body.
Flavivirus' The virus that causes West Nile Virus and yellow fever that must be transmitted directly.
Prion Pathogenic protein molecules that convert normal proteins of the body into abnormal proteins causing abnormalities of function. Shortened form of the phrase PROteinaceous INfectious particle.
Bacterium A tiny, primitive cell without a nucleus that produces disease in a variety of ways.
Classifications of Bacteria Growth Requirements,staining properties, shape and size
Names of the four bacteria shapes and sizes Bacilli, cocci, curved or spiral rods and small bacteria
Bacili Large, rod-shaped cells found singly or in groups.
Coci Large, round bacteria found singly, in pairs or in strings.
Curved or Spiral Rods Curved rods arranged singly or in strands, or large curved or spiral cells arranged singly or in cell colonies.
Small Bacteria Round or oval bacteria that can only reproduce inside other living cells.
Obligate Intracellular Parasites bacteria that can only reproduce inside other living cells.
Two types of small bacteria Rickettsia and Chlamydia
Spores Bacteria that can develop into resistant dormant forms when subjected to adverse environmental conditions.
Archaea A type of microbe resembling bacteria but with different chemical makeup and different metabolic pathways. Can thrive in very harsh environments such as very hot, very acid and very salty; not known to infect humans.
Fungi A group of simple organisms similar to plants but without chlorophyll (green pigment).
Mycotic Infections A fungal infection
Protozoa One-celled organisms that are larger than bacteria and whose DNA is organized in a nucleus.
Four major groups of pathogenic protozoa Amoebas, Flagellates, Ciliates, Sporozoa
Amoebas Large cells of changing shape
Pseudopodia False feet that pull amoebas along.
Flagellates Protozoa that move by wiggling long, whiplike extensions.
Flagella Whiplike extensions found in Flagellates.
Ciliates Protozoa that move by means of many short, hairlike projections called cilia
Cilia Hairlike projections.
Sporozoa Protozoa with unusual organelles at their tips that allow them to enter host cells.
Coccidia Host cells
Pathogenic Animals Large, multicellular organisms.
Three Major Groups of Pathogenic Animals Nematodes, Platyhelminths, Arthropods
Nematodes Large parasites (roundworms) that infest a variety of different human tissues by food or by flies that bite.
Platyhelminths Large parasites (flatworms and flukes) that can infest several
Arthropods Group of parasites that include mites, ticks, lice, fleas, biting or stinging wasps, bees, mosquitoes and spiders.
Vector An organism that spreads disease to other organisms.
Four ways pathogens can be spread Person-to-person contact, Environmental contact, Opportunistic invasion, Transmission by a vector
Aseptic Technique Involves killing or disabling pathogens on surfaces before they can spread to other people.
Antibiotics Compounds produced by certain living organisms or in a laboratory that kill or inhibit pathogens.
Neoplasms Refers to an abnormal growth of cells (literally means "new matter").
Benign Tumors that remain localized within the tissue from which they arose.
Malignant Tumors that spread to other regions of the body. (Cancer)
Metastasis Cells that migrate by way of lymphatic or blood vessels.
Benign tumors that arise from epithelial tissues. Papilloma, Adenoma, Nevus
Papilloma A type of tumor that forms a fingerlike projection, as in a wart.
Adenoma A general term for benign tumors of a glandular epithelium.
Nevus A variety of small, pigmented tumors of the skin such as moles.
Benign tumors that arise from connective tissues. Lipoma, Osteoma, Chondroma
Lipoma A tumor arising from adipose (fat) tissue.
Osteoma A tumor that involves bone tissues.
Chondroma Tumors of cartilage tissue.
Malignant tumors that arise from epithelial tissues. Melanoma and Adenocarcinoma
Melanoma A type of cancer that involves melanocytes, the pigment- producing cells of the skin.
Adenocarcinoma The general term for malignant tumors of glandular epithelium.
Malignant tumors that arise from connective tissues. Lymphoma, Osteosarcoma, Myeloma, Fibrosarcoma
Lymphoma A term used to describe a cancer of lymphatic tissue.
Osteosarcoma A malignant tumor of bone tissue.
Myeloma A malignant bone marrow tumor.
Fibrosarcoma Cancers involving fibrous connective tissues.
Adenofibroma A benign neoplasm formed by epithelial and connective tissues.
Neuroblastoma A malignant tumor that arises from nerve tissue.
Five causes of cancer Genetic factors, Carcinogens, Age, Environment, Viruses
Hyperplasia Growth of an abnormally large number of cells. A process that produces too many cells.
Anaplasia Growth of abnormal (undifferentiated) tumor cells.
Oncologist Cancer specialist
Radiography The use of X-rays to form a still or moving picture of some of the internal tissues of the body.
Computed Tomography (CT) X-rays that produce a cross-sectional image of body regions.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) A type of scanning that uses a magnetic field to induce tissues to emit radio waves.
Methods to detect the presence of cancer. Self-examination, Diagnostic Imaging, Biopsy, Blood Test
Biopsy The removal and examination of living tissue.
Prognosis A statement of the proable outcome of the disease.
Chemotherapy A chemical therapy using cytotoxic (cell killing) compounds or drugs.
Radiation Therapy The use of destructive x-ray or gamma radiation to destroy cancer cells.
Immunotherapy A therapeutic technique that bolsters a person's immune system in an attempt to control a disease.
Inflammatory Response A combination of processes that attempt to minimize injury to tissues, thus maintaining homeostasis.
Regeneration A tissue repair that is the replacement of dead cells with living cells.
Inflammation Mediators Chemicals released by irritated tissues that promote the events of the inflammation response.
Examples of Inflammation Mediators Histamine, Prostaglandins, Compounds, Kinins
Edema The accumulation of fluid in a tissue, as in inflammation; swelling.
Inflammatory Exudate Fluid that accumulates in inflamed tissues as a result of increased permeability of blood vessels.
Chemotaxis The movement of white blood cells in response to chemical attractants.
Pus Accumulation of white blood cells, dead bacterial cells, and damaged tissue cells at the site of an infection.
Four primary signs of inflammation Redness, heat, swelling, pain
Created by: ROSSMIBOA
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