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Cells......
class
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what does Lugol's Solution test for and what color does it change to? | starch. It goes from a golden-brown to a clue-black. |
| what does's Benedict test for and what color does it turn to? | glucose. It turn orange if sugar is present |
| what does " moving along a concentration gradient " mean? | the particle are moving from higher concentration to lower concentration |
| What is diffusion? | The process where molecules of a substance move from high concentration to low concentration |
| What is osmosis? | The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane |
| What cell transport method may be with the concentration gradient? | passive transport |
| what does passive transport require? | no energy |
| What does passive transport move without energy? | materials from high to low |
| what does passive transport include? | diffusion , osmosis & facilitated diffusion |
| What is diffusion the movement of? | molecules from high to low |
| What is osmosis the movement of? | water from high to low |
| what is facilitation diffusion the movement of? | molecules with the help of open channel proteins |
| What are the three solution time of osmosis? | hypotonic, isotonic , & hypertonic |
| What do the 3 solution types equal? | solute + solvent |
| what does hypotonic mean? | low solutes , more water |
| Where will the water move in a hypotonic solution? | into the cell |
| What will water moving into the cell in a hypotonic solution cause? | swelling of the cell |
| What does isotonic mean? | solutes equal water |
| where will the water move in an isotonic solution? | in and out of the cell causing equilibrium |
| What does hypertonic mean? | high solutes , less water |
| where will water move in a hypertonic solution? | out of the cell |
| when water moves out of the cell in a hypertonic solution, what does it cause the cell to do? | shrivel |
| What cell transport method may be against the concentration gradient? | active transport |
| what does active transport require? | energy in the form of ATP |
| what does active transport use ATP for? | to move materials from low to high |
| What does active transport include? | carrier proteins ( gated channel proteins ) , and pieces of the cell membrane |
| what are pieces of the cell membrane called? | vesicles |
| what are included in the vesicles? | exocitosis (out) and endocytosis (in) |
| what are the two types of endocytosis? | pinocytosis (liquid) & phagocytosis (solids) |
| What is the function of the cell membrane? | regulates what enters and leaves the cell |
| how many layers of lipids are there in the cell membrane? and what are those layers called? | two layers. Hence the names bilayer |
| What do proteins to in the cell membrane? | form gates , channels or piper that move materials into or out of the cell |
| what to carbohydrate chains to in the cell membrane? | provide cell identification, so that cells can recognize each other |
| what is the cell membrane also known as? | Fluid Mosaic Model |
| why is the cell membrane sometimes called the fluid mosaic model? | because the cells seems to assemble to form a design |
| What is the cell wall? | it's the part of the cell that lies outside the cell membrane and are porous enough to allow water , oxygen , and carbon dioxide to pass through easily |
| what is cellulose? | makes up both wood and paper. this material makes up the cell wall |
| Where are cell walls present? | in plants , algae , fungi , and many prokaryotes ( bacteria ) |
| What does it mean when a cell membrane is permeable? | it allows substances to pass through. ex. water through a strainer |
| what does it mean when a cell membrane is selectively permeable or semi-permeable? | it only allows certain molecules to pass through |
| when can cells not pass through the membrane? | if they are too big or strongly charged |
| what two ways can a molecule pass through membranes? | passive and active transports |
| what is passive transport? | molecules pass through the cell membrane without the use of energy |
| what is active transport? | energy is necessary for molecules to pass through the cell membrane |
| what does ATP stand for? | adenosine Diphosphate |
| what are the three types of passive transport? | diffusion , osmosis , facilitated diffusion |
| what is solute? | the substance being dissolved |
| what is the solvent? | the liquid that the solute is being dissolved in |
| what is a solution? | a mixture of a solvent and a solute |
| What is equilibrium in a cell? | when particles pass through the membrane without any added energy |
| In equilibrium what are the particles like? | they are in constant motion back and forth across the membrane |
| is there a net change in a equlibruim concentration? | no net change |
| What are the cell membranes like in osmosis? | they are completely permeable to water , therefore , the environment the cell in exposed to can have a dramatic effect on the cell |
| what does isotonic mean? | " same strength " when the concentration of each side of the membrane is the same |
| what does hypertoic mean? | " above strength " solution has a higher solute solution than the cell |
| what does hypotonic mean? | " below strength " solution had a lower solute concentration than the cell |
| what is facilitated diffusion? | when a cell membrane protein facilitates or helps a molecule diffuse through the membrane |
| What is a type of facilitated diffusion? | ion channel |
| what is ion channel? | transport of a protein with a polar pore through which ions can pass |
| In which way to pump ions and molecules move across the membrane? | from high to low concentration |
| protons are pumped across the membrane from low to high concentration with the help of what? | ATP |
| What does the Sodium Potassium Pump do? | pumps sodium ( Na+ ) out with potassium (K+) is pumped in |
| How are the materials in the sodium potassium pump, pumped? | against the concentration gradient |
| How are substances that are too large moved across the membrane? | by proteins that are transported through the membrane by vesicles |
| what are examples of proteins that move through the help of vesicles? | proteins and polysacharides |
| What is the process of the movement in vesicles ? | by forming a pouch around the substance the pinching off and releasing the substance on the opposite side of the cell |
| What is exocytosis? | where wastes and cells products packaged by the golgi apparatus in sacs, fuse with the cell membranes and are released from the cell |
| What is phagocytosis used by> | amoebas? |
| what do phagocytes destroy? | bacteria |
| what is receptor-mediated endocytoisis? | it is very specific in what substances are being transported. The receptor triggers the formation of a vesicle |
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