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Biology- Ch.2 Study
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is an atom? | smallest basic unit of matter |
| What is an element? | substance made of only one type of atom that cant be broken down by chemical means |
| What is an atoms charge? | neutral |
| What is a compound? | substance made of atoms of different elements that are bonded together in a particular ratio |
| What is an ion? | atom that has gained or lost one or more electrons |
| What do electrons in each atom determine? | the properties of the element |
| Why does an ion form? | an atom is more stable when its outermost energy level is full; the gain or loss of electrons results in a full outermost energy level |
| What is a covalent bond? | forms when atoms share a pair of many electrons; generally, very strong |
| What is a molecule? | two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds |
| What kind of molecule is water? | polar |
| What is a hydrogen bond? | attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom |
| What are properties related to hydrogen bonds? | high specific heat, cohesion, adhesion |
| What is cohesion? | attraction between molecules of the same substance |
| What is adhesion? | attraction between molecules of different substances |
| Molecules and ions cant take part in chemical processes unless... | they dissolve in water |
| What is a solution? | mixture of substances that is the same throughout -homogeneous |
| What is a solvent? | substance in a solution that is present in greater amount and dissolves the other substance |
| What is a solute? | substance that dissolves in a solvent |
| Some compounds form... | acids or bases |
| What is an acid? | compound that releases a proton-hydrogen ion- when it dissolves in water. pH lower than 7, sour |
| What is a base? | compound that accepts a proton when dissolved in solution; ph higher than 7, bitter |
| What are the four main types of carbon-based molecules? | carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins |
| What is the building block of life often called? | Carbon |
| What is a monomer? | subunit of a polymer |
| What is a polymer? | macromolecule made up of monomers bonded together |
| What are carbohydrates? | molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; include sugars and starches |
| What are monosaccharides? | simple sugars; carbohydrate; fruits and glucose |
| What are polysaccharides? | polymers of monosaccharides; starches, glycogen, cellulose |
| What are lipids? | nonpolar molecules that include fats, oils, and cholesterol |
| What are fatty acids? | chains of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms |
| Many lipids, both fats and oils, contain three fatty acids bonded to glycerol. What are these called? | triglycerides |
| What is most animal fat composed of? | Saturated fat- have max. number of hydrogen atoms possible |
| What are all cell membranes mostly made up of? | phospholipid- consists of glycerol,two fatty acids, and a phosphate group |
| What is cholesterol? | lipid that has a ring structure |
| What is a protein? | polymer made of monomers called amino acids |
| What are amino acids? | molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur. |
| What are nucleic acids? | polymers that are made up of monomers called nucleotides; work together to make proteins |
| What is a nucleotide? | composed of a sugar, a phosphorous group, and a nitrogen-containing molecule called a base. Two types: DNA, RNA |
| What is a chemical reaction? | change substances in different substances by breaking and forming chemical bonds |
| What are reactants? | substances changed during a chemcial reaction |
| What are products? | substances made by a chemical reaction |
| What is bond energy? | amount of energy thats breaks a bond in an oxygen molecule |
| What is equilibrium? | condition in which reactants and products of a chemical reaction are formed at the same rate |
| ☼↔♀╨*◘♦⌡╜¼ ┌╞╩f╒Z | |
| What do chemical reactions need? | changes in energy |
| What is activation energy? | amount of energy needed to be absorbed for a chemical reaction to start |
| What does exothermic mean? | chemical reaction that yields a net release of energy in the form of heat |
| What does endothermic mean? | chemical reaction that requires a net input of energy |
| What does a catalyst do to activation energy? | decrease it |
| What does activation energy often come from? | increase in temperature |
| What is a catalyst? | substance that decreases the activation energy and increases reaction rate in a chemical reaction |
| Where are reactants often found? | low concentrations |
| What are enzymes? | catalysts for chemical reactions in living things |
| What is amylase? | enzyme in saliva that breaks down starch into simpler sugars |
| What are almost all enzymes considered? | proteins or long chains of amino acids |
| What conditions can affect the shape, function, or activity of an enzyme? | change in pH and temperature |
| What are substrates? | reactant in a chemical reaction upon which an enzyme acts |
| What do lock-and-key models do? | explain how enzymes work |
Created by:
kayla26tran
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