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Cell Biology-214
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| based on the premise that studying the parts of a whole can explain the character of the whole | reductionist |
| invention of the microscope and its refinement | Robert Hooke and Anton Leewenhoek |
| all organisms are composed of one or more cells; the cell is the structural unit of life; cells arise from pre-existing cells by division | Cell Theory |
| Life is the most basic property of cells | Basic Properties of Cells (1) |
| Cells are highly complex and organized | Basic Properties of Cells (2) |
| cells possess a genetic program and a means to use it | Basic Properties of Cells (3) |
| cells are capable of producing more of themselves | Basic Properties of Cells (4) |
| cells acquire and utilize energy | Basic Properties of Cells (5) |
| cells carry out a variety of chemical reactions; cells engage in mechanical activities; cells are able to respond to stimuli | Basic Properties of Cells (6) |
| Cells are capable of self-regulation | Basic Properties of Cells (7) |
| Two Fundamental Classes of Cells | Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes |
| Plasma membrane | Both |
| Genetic information encoded in DNA | Both |
| Mechanisms for transcription and translation of genetic information, including similar ribosomes | Both |
| Metabolic pathways | Both |
| Apparatus for conservation of chemical energy as ATP | Both |
| Mechanism of photosynthesis | Both |
| Mechanism for synthesizing and inserting membrane proteins | Both |
| Proteasomes | Both |
| Division of cells into nucleus and cytoplasm, separated by a nuclear envelope containing complex pore structures | Eukaryotes |
| complex chromosomes composed of DNA and associated proteins that are capable of compacting into mitotic structures | Eukaryotes |
| Complex membranous cytoplasmic organelles | Eukaryotes |
| Specialized cytoplasmic organelles for aerobic respiration and photosynthesis | Eukaryotes |
| Complex cytoskeletal system and associated motor proteins | Eukaryotes |
| Complex flagella and cilia | Eukaryotes |
| Ability to ingest fluid and particulate material by enclosure within plasma membrane vesicles | Eukaryotes |
| Cellulose-containing cell walls | Eukaryotes |
| Cell division using a microtubule-containing mitotic spindle that separates chromosomes | Eukaryotes |
| Presence of two copies of genes per cell, one from each parent | Eukaryotes |
| Presence of three different RNA synthesizing enzymes | Eukaryotes |
| Sexual Reproduction requiring meiosis and fertilization | Eukaryotes |
| an eukaryotic organelle that forms an interconnected network of tubules, vesicles, and cisternae within cell | Smooth ER |
| A narrow thread of cytoplasm that passes through the cell walls of adjacent plant cells and allows communication between them | plasmodesmata |
| A small organelle that is present in the cytoplasm of many cells and that contains the reducing enzyme catalase and usually some oxidases | Peroxisome |
| A complex of vesicles and folded membranes within the cytoplasm of most eukaryotic cells, involved in secretion and intracellular transport | Golgi apparatus |
| Nuclear Envelope, Nucleoplasm, Nucleolus | Nucleus |
| A minute cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division | Centriole |
| a system of membranous tubes and sacs containing ribosomes which function in the manufacture of membrane-bound proteins | Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum |
| Methanogens Halophiles Acidophiles Thermophiles | Domain Archaea |
| Smallest known cells | Mycoplasma |
| Mycoplasma, cyanobacteria | Domain Bacteria |
| Cell size is limited by | genes in the nucleus, exchange of nutrients, the distance over which substances can efficiently travel through the cytoplasm via diffusion |
| the capacity to do work or the capacity to change or move something | Energy |
| the study of the changes in energy that accompany events in the universe | Thermodynamics |
| Energy can neither be created nor destroyed | The first law of thermodynamics/ the law of conservation of energy |
| conversion of energy from one form to another | Transduction |
| subset of the universe under study | system |
| everything that is not part of the system | surroundings |
| reactions that lose heat | exothermic |
| reactions that gain heat | endothermic |
| events in the universe tend to proceed from a state of higher energy to a state of lower energy | Second law of thermodynamics |
| without the input of external energy | spontaneous |
| measure of randomness or disorder | entropy |
| not representative of cellular conditions but are useful to make comparisons | free energy changes of reactions |
| high-energy intermediate; catalyzed by pyruvate kinase; forms pyruvate, | Phosphoenol pyruvate (PEP) |
| high-energy intermediate; forms 3-phosphoglycerate | 1,3-biphosphoglycerate |
| catalysts that speed up chemical reactions | Enzymes |
| inorganic enzyme conjugates | Cofactors |
| Organic enzyme conjugates | Coenzymes |
| a small energy input is required for any chemical transformation | activation energy |
| an enzyme interacts with its substrate to form | enzyme-substrate (ES) complex |
| substrate binds to a portion of the enzyme called | active site |
| acidic or basic R groups on the enzyme may change ___________ | the charge of the substrate |
| shifts in the conformation after binding cause | induced fit |
| the study of rates of enzymatic reactions under various experimental conditions | Kinetics |
| the velocity at saturation | maximal velocity |
| the number of substrate molecules converted to product per minute per enzyme molecule at V max | turnover number |
| the substrate concentration at 1/2 Vmax | Michaelis constant |
| the collection of bio-chemical reactions that occur within a cell | metabolic pathways |
| breakdown complex substrates into simple end products | Catabolic pathways |
| Catabolic pathways | provide raw materials for the cell; provide chemical energy for the cell |
| synthesize complex end products from simple substrates | Anabolic pathways |
| Anabolic pathways | require energy; use ATP and NADPH |
| When a substrate gains electrons | reduced |
| when a substrate loses electrons | oxidized |
| the substrate that donates electrons | reducing agent |
| substrate that gains electrons | oxidizing agent |
| the first stage in catabolism of glucose, and occurs in the cytoplasm | glycolysis |
| second stage of catabolism and occurs in the mitochondria of cells | tricarboxylic (TCA) cycle |
| donates electrons to form large biomolecules | NADPH |
| oxidized in anabolic pathways | NADPH |
| reduced in catabolic pathways | NAD+ |
| catalyzes the transfer of hydrogen atoms from one cofactor to the other | transhydrogenase |
| favored when energy is abundant | NADPH |
| used to make ATP when energy is scarce | NADH |
| anabolic pathways of glucose metabolism | gluconeogenesis |
| breakdown of fructose 1,6-biphosphate is via hydrolysis by | fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase |
| regulated by feedback inhibition with ATP as the allosteric inhibitor | phosphofructokinase |
| oxidation of glucose via pentose phosphate | ribose-5-phosphate |
| oxidation via glycolysis | pyruvate |
| products of glycolysis | ATP; NADH; pyruvate |
| products of aerobic oxidation of pyruvate | acetyl CoA (intermediate), then 2CO2 and 2H20 |
| products of anaerobic glycolysis | lactate |
| products of anaerobic fermentation | ethanol and CO2 |
| Net yield of 1 glucose | 2ATP and 2NADH |
| polypeptides bound to either FAD or FMN | Flavoproteins |
| heme groups bearing Fe or Cu metal ions | Cytochromes |
| located within a single protein complex | Three copper atoms |
| lipid soluble molecule made of five-carbon isopreniod units | Ubuquinone |
| catalyzes transfer of electrons from NADH to ubiquinone and transports four H+ per pair | Complex I (NADH dehydrogenase) |
| catalyzes transfer of electrons from succinate to FAD to ubiquinone without transport of H+ | Complex II (succinate dehydrogenase) |
| catalyzes the transfer of electrons from ubiquinone to cytochrome c and transports four H+ per pair | Complex III (cytochrome bc1) |
| catalyzes transfer of O2 and transports H+ across the inner membrane | Complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase) |
| large complex that adds four electrons to O2 to form two molecules of H2O | Cytochrome oxidase |
| catalytic subunit and contains three catalytic sites for ATP synthesis | F1 particle |
| attaches to the F1 and is embedded in the inner membrane | F0 particle |
| contains a channel through which protons are conducted from the intermembrane space to the matrix | F0 base |
Created by:
asp67
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