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Biology-Ch.2 vocab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| enzyme | any of various proteins, as pepsin, originating from living cells and capable of producing certain chemical changes in organic substances by catalytic action, as in digestion. |
| protein | any of numerous, highly varied organic molecules constituting a large portion of the mass of every life form and necessary in the diet of all animals and other nonphotosynthesizing organisms |
| polysacharride | a carbohydrate, as starch, inulin, or cellulose, containing more than three monosaccharide units per molecule, the units being attached to each other in the manner of acetals, and therefore capable of hydrolysis by acids or enzymes to monosaccharides |
| catalyst | a substance that causes or accelerates a chemical reaction without itself being affected. |
| macromolecule | a very large molecule, as a colloidal particle, protein, or especially a polymer, composed of hundreds or thousands of atoms. |
| disaccharide | any of a class of sugars, such as maltose, lactose, and sucrose, having two linked monosaccharide units per molecule |
| pH | the symbol for the logarithm of the reciprocal of hydrogen ion concentration in gram atoms per liter |
| digestion | the process in the alimentary canal by which food is broken up physically, as by the action of the teeth, and chemically, as by the action of enzymes, and converted into a substance suitable for absorption and assimilation into the body. |
| indicator | a substance, as litmus, that indicates the presence or concentration of a certain constituent. |
| substrate | the substance acted upon by an enzyme. |
| product | a substance obtained from another substance through chemical change. |
| activation energy | the least amount of energy required to activate atoms or molecules to a state in which they can undergo a chemical reaction. |
| hydrolysis reaction | |
| amylase | |
| monosaccharide | a carbohydrate that does not hydrolyze, as glucose, fructose, or ribose, occurring naturally or obtained by the hydrolysis of glycosides or polysaccharides. |
| carbohydrate | any of a class of organic compounds that are polyhydroxy aldehydes or polyhydroxy ketones, or change to such substances on simple chemical transformations, as hydrolysis, oxidation, or reduction |
| nucleic acid | any of a group of long, linear macromolecules, either DNA or various types of RNA, that carry genetic information directing all cellular functions: composed of linked nucleotides |
| oil | any of a large class of substances typically unctuous, viscous, combustible, liquid at ordinary temperatures, and soluble in ether or alcohol but not in water |
| ATP | adenosine triphosphate: an ester of adenosine and triphosphoric acid, C 10 H 12 N 5 O 4 H 4 P 3 O 9 , formed especially aerobically by the reaction of ADP and an orthophosphate during oxidation, or by the interaction of ADP |
| hormone | any of various internally secreted compounds, as insulin or thyroxine, formed in endocrine glands, that affect the functions of specifically receptive organs or tissues when transported to them by the body fluids. |
| glycerol | a colorless, odorless, syrupy, sweet liquid, C 3 H 8 O 3 , usually obtained by the saponification of natural fats and oils: used for sweetening and preserving food |
| fats | any of several white or yellowish greasy substances, forming the chief part of adipose tissue of animals and also occurring in plants, that when pure are colorless, odorless, and tasteless |
| lipids | any of a group of organic compounds that are greasy to the touch, insoluble in water |
| monomer | a molecule of low molecular weight capable of reacting with identical or different molecules of low molecular weight to form a polymer. |
| glycogen | a white, tasteless polysaccharide, (C 6 H 10 O 5 ) n , molecularly similar to starch |
| phospholipid | |
| steroid | any of a large group of fat-soluble organic compounds, as the sterols, bile acids, and sex hormones, most of which have specific physiological action. |
| amino acid | any of a class of organic compounds that contains at least one amino group, –NH 2 , and one carboxyl group, –COOH |
| cholesterol | a sterol, C 27 H 46 O, that occurs in all animal tissues, especially in the brain, spinal cord, and adipose tissue, functioning chiefly as a protective agent in the skin and myelin sheaths of nerve cells |
| RNA | any of a class of single-stranded molecules transcribed from DNA in the cell nucleus or in the mitochondrion or chloroplast, containing along the strand a linear sequence of nucleotide bases |
| nucleotides | any of a group of molecules that, when linked together, form the building blocks of DNA or RNA |
| graduated cylinder | a narrow, cylindrical container marked with horizontal lines to represent units of measurement and used to precisely measure the volume of liquids. |
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