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IGCSE - 15.5 - 15.9
Human reproduction
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Describe the diet of a pregnant woman | Need to obtain all the nutrients need for growth and development, especially vitamins and minerals: calcium, iron, carbohydrate, protein |
| What can alcohol and heroin cause if a pregnant woman use these | a. birth defects, mental retardation h. babies might be born with an addiction to heroin |
| Describe the process, which involves hormones, that leads to labour | Hormones released by the fetus + build up of pressure in the uterus stimulate the release of the hormone oxytocin, which then stimulates the contractions of the uterus' wall |
| How many days is the average menstrual cycle for? | 28 days. Each Month the lining of the womb thickens ready to support a developing baby. |
| After how many days is the egg matured and released from the ovary? What is this process known as? | After 14 days the egg is matured and is released from the ovary. This is Ovulation. |
| What is a period? | The Lining of the womb provides protection and food for the developing embryo. If the egg is not fertilised, the lining of the womb and the dead egg are shed from the body. This is the monthly bleed or a PERIOD. |
| What is FSH? | FSH- Follicle stimulating hormone. These hormones are secreted by the pituitary gland. It makes eggs mature in the ovaries. FSH also stimulates the ovaries to produce OESTROGEN. |
| What is Oestrogen? | It's the hormone made and secreted by ovaries. It stimulates the lining of the womb to build up ready for pregnancy. It also stimulates the pituitary gland to make another hormone known as LH. |
| What is LH? | Is the hormone secreted by the pituitary gland. It stimulates the release of a mature egg from on of the ovaries in the middle of the menstrual cycle. |
| What happens when the level of oestrogen levels rise? | They slow down the production of FSH and start the production of LH by the pituitary gland. When LH levels reach in the middle of the cycle, they stimulate the release of a mature egg. |
| What is a difference between oestrogen and progesterone? | Oestrogen causes the linning of the uterus to thicken whereas progesterone maintains this and make it even thicker |
| List all mechanical methods of birth control | condom/femdom, diaphragm/cap, Intra-Uterine Device |
| What type of birth control is abstinence and explain how it work? | Natural method. This relies on determining when ovulation is most likely to occur and restrain from sex |
| Describe vasectomy | This is the operation to cut the man’s sperm duct. His sperm tubes are cut and tied. The operation is not reversible. The man can still ejaculate but there are no sperm in the semen, just fluid. |
| Explain the role of fertility drugs | They contain FSH, which stimulates the ovaries to release eggs. Others involve chemicals that make the pituitary insensitive to oestrogen, a hormone that inhibits the production of FSH. |
| Describe briefly artificial insemination | The semen may be collected and placed via a fine plastic tube into the woman’s uterus. If the man does not produce enough sperm for this, or if the sperm are defective, then a donor may provide a sample of semen for AI. |
| What are social disadvantages of using fertility drugs? | they do not always work; can work too well; too many eggs may be released, resulting in twins, triplets, quadruplets or even more. The family might not be able to afford to raise all of their children. This leads to low living standards. |
| Difference between AIDS and HIV | HIV is a virus that infects cells in the immune system. It is transmitted in the semen or in the blood. HIV infection may lead to AIDS, which is a collection of diseases, which result from a weakening of the immune system. |
| Symtoms of Gonorrhoea? | in the man, as the bacteria multiply within the urethra, it produces an unpleasant discharge and pain when urinating. Sores develop on the penis. Women might not be able to notice pain as soon as men do |
| How can HIV be transmitted? | unprotected sexual intercourse, sharing needles that are contaminated by infected blood, mother - baby, milk feeding |
| List 3 ways to reduce the spread of HIV | • Use condoms during sexual intercourse • Free needle exchange systems to reduce the use of shared needles amongst drug users • Careful screening a donated blood for transfusion |
Created by:
Sally Truong
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