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Invertebrate zool
Practical Exam, Spring 2012
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is included in the phylum Porifera? | Sponges |
| How many classes are there in the phylum Porifera; what are they? | 3; Hexactinellida, Demospongiae, Calcarea |
| What are the most common supporting structures in sponges; what are other forms of supporting structures? | spicules that may be calcareous or siliceous; spongin fibers (in demosponges), and/or a solid basal skeleton of calcium carbonate |
| What are structures are important for identifying sponges? | spicules |
| Most sponges are ____ once the larvae or clonal bud has attached to the substrate. | sessile |
| Some species of sponges have shown limited capacity for movement , which is most likely from amoeboid movements of (1)_____ cells or (2)____-____ _____. | 1. pinacodermal 2. whole-body contractions. |
| What are the two main ways in which sponges feed? | 1. filter feeding 2. (some) by forming symbiosises with bacteria and algae |
| Describe in detail how sponges filter feed. | Food particles filtered from H2O flowing through their bodies; Incurrent canals & choanocytes = food-trapping filters; Choanocytes & archaeocytes engulf and digest particles in vesicles. All sponge cells can ingest particles by phagocytosis. |
| How might changes to the environment (e.g., turbidity, warming temps, etc.) impact the ability of sponges to feed? | indigestible products and inorganic mineral particles can get block incurrent canals, leaving the sponge to either get rid of it or add the particles on to their skeletal structure |
| How do sponges respire (gas exchange)? | simple diffusion allows for transportation of gases |
| What are the 3 ways that sponges reproduce? | 1. clonally (asexually) by fragmentation 2. budding 3. sexually by parent sponges creating gemmules |
| Why are sponges so ecologically and culturally important? (3 reasons) | 1. they are extremely important in bio-erosion of calcareous substrate 2. for filtering aquatic environments 3. altering nutrient & organic matter concentrations |
| Sponges are able to establish a great diversity of relationships. Give examples of 3 kinds of relationships they create with other organisms. | 1. commensalism 2. mutualism 3. parasitism |
| What is a common mutualistic relationship within the phylum porifera? Give an example. | most sponges are able to form symbiosis with bacteria (e.g., zooxanthellae) |
| Cnidarians are aquatic animals, named after the presence of (1)______, or stinging cells, which they use to (2)______ prey. | 1. cnidocytes 2. immobilize |
| Do all cnidarians have TRUE radial symmetry? Do all cnidarians have a body axis? | No; only the most simplified cnidarians have true radial symmetry. Others can have bilateral or bi-radial symmetry. Yes; the oral-aboral axis |
| What does the phylum Cnidaria consist of? (2 different forms, one consisting of many types) | Fleshy polyps: freshwater hydras, sea anemones, stony corals, plantlike soft corals, and weedy hydroids Medusae: jellyfishes |
| Cnidarians are _____, meaning they have two primary germ layers. What are these two germ layers called and what separates them? | 1. diploblastic 2. ectodermis and endodermis (or gastrodermis) 3. mesoglea |
| How are neurons arranged in cnidarians and where are they located? | they are arranged in a diffuse nerve net and are located at the base of both the ectodermal and gastrodermal layers. |
| What two body forms exist within cnidarians? | pelagic medusa and benthic polyps |
| Do cnidarians have any organs? Do they have tissues present? | No; yes |
| In cnidarians, tentacles surround the _____. | mouth |
| Is the mouth the only opening to the gut cavity in cnidarians? | yes |
| What types of reproduction do cnidarians have? | both sexual and asexual |
| Do cnidarians perform alternation of generations? | yes, between polyp and medusa forms |
| Cup coral and mushroom coral are examples of cnidarians that have what kind of lifestyle? | solitary |
| What kind of lifestyles do cnidarians like fans, boulders, plates, and corals with staghorn-like projections have? | colonial |
| Cnidarians that live within colonies retain a variety of (1)_____ morphologies (outer (1)_____ may be smaller, with less (2)_____ production), and can exhibit specializations toward specific functions, such as (3)_____ or (4)_____. | 1. polyp(s) 2. egg 3. reproduction 4. defense |
| What is a skeletal structure found in most cnidarians that can make up 80% of its body mass and are used for protection? | sclerites |
| Cnidaria: Name an Order within the branched corals and briefly describe it | Gorgonacea: polyps grow from its 'axial skeleton backbone' made up of proteins |
| Cnidaria: Name an Order within the plate corals and briefly describe it | Helioporacea: -polyps grow along surface with skeletal structure underneath -has many tiny pores surrounding the exterior -spicules can be visible where broken off -exoskeleton partially made up of iron |
| Cnidaria: Name an Order within the fan corals and briefly describe it | Pennatulacea: feather corals -has a secondary polyp called an autozooid which forms tentacles coming off the main secondary polyp called a siphonozooid -primary polyp called coelenteron -has a single, layed out axial skeleton |
| Cnidaria: Name an Order within the octocorals and briefly describe it | Stolonifera: -has a calcium carbonate skeleton -contains iron (red) |
| Cnidaria: Name an example of a hexacoral and briefly describe it | Stony coral: has a calcium carbonate exoskeleton that the coral sits on top of |
| Skeletal structures in Cnidarians may be either layed down within the (1)_____ or are (2)_____. | 1. mesoglea 2. external |
| Why are skeletal structures so important in colonial forms of Cnidarians? (2 reasons) | 1. increased size of the colony results from an aggregation of individuals 2. In some cases they must still allow for communication between the polyps of the colony |
| What are the kingdom, phylum, class, subclass, and order of scleractinian corals? | Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Cnidaria Class: Anthozoa Subclass: Zoantharia Order: Scleractinia |
| In scleractinian corals, skeleton is secreted externally by (1.endo/ectoderm) on the lower part of body. The colony thus lies on (2.top/bottom) of & entirely (3.in/outside) the skeleton. Adjacent polyps connected by sheets of (4)___ lying over skeleton | 1. ectoderm 2. top 3. outside 4. tissue |
| What is the classification of cindarian spp. Goniastrea? Describe how the tissue of the animal fits into or onto the skeleton. | K: Animalia, P:Cnidaria, C: Anthozoa, SC: Zoantharia, O: Scleractinia, F: Faviidae tissues on outside of coral seem to be almost segmented and have thin walls. |
| Within the cnidarian, Hydroida (Class (1)____), the external skeleton is usually based on (2)____ and forms a series of tubes secreted by the (3)____ surrounding the soft tissues of the colony. | 1. Hydrozoa 2. chitin 3. ectoderm |
| How are stolonate colonies of cnidarians formed? | consists of a prostrate stolon, single or branched in a 2-D network, that attaches to the surface of the substratum and bears upright, unbranched zooids |
| How are coenosarcal colonies of cnidarians formed? | consists of zooids that arise from the surface of a continuous sheet of tissue called a stolonal mat, or coenosarc (= common flesh; pronounced SIN-oh-sark) that unites the zooids and attaches the colony to the substratum. |
| How are fruticose colonies of cnidarians formed? | with few exceptions, zooidal budding produces an upright, plantlike, fruticose colony that may be grassy, bushy, shrubby, or feathry in appearance. |
| What are the three main themes of colonial growth forms that exist in cnidarians? | 1. stolonate colonies 2. coenosarc colonies 3. fruticose colonies |
| Octocorals (class Anthozoa, Subclass (1)___) display a wide variety of forms. Those that have skeletons lay them down as (2)___ and (3)___ within the mesoglea and therefore possess (4)___. | 1. Alcyonaria 2. rods 3. sclerites 4. endoskeletons |
| Mesoglea in many octocorals is massive (often called the (1)___) and the polyps communicate by means of (2)___ ___, which are continuous with their gastrovascular cavities. The sclerites may be (3)___ or (4)__ (thus reducing the flexibility of the colony) | 1. coenenchyme 2. gastrodermal tubes 3. free 4. fused |
| Cnidaria: Name an Order within the soft corals and briefly describe it | Alcyonacea: -do not produce calcium carbonate skeletons -contain small spiny sclerites used in identification |
| What type of skeletons do hydras and sea anemones have; how do they move? | hydrostatic skeleton, also have radial muscles that extend from near the body axis toward the margin; can detach themselves and shift locations by creeping on their bases, by inchworm-like crawling, by somersaulting, or by floating. |
| Corals are predators of (1)___ and other small particles in the water column, feeding mostly at (2)___. Many also have a symbiotic relationship with (3)___ that provides the majority of their nutrition & allow them to increase in growth and overall size. | 1. zooplankton 2. night 3. zooxanthellae |
| Corals provide zooxanthellae (1)___, (2)exposure to ___, and by-products of (3)___ ___; whereas zooxanthellae provide (4)___, (5)___, and other energy needs, including (6)___, to the coral host. | 1. protection 2. light 3. coral metabolism 4. nitrogen 5. carbon 6. oxygen |
| Coral bleaching occurs when: | corals are stressed (e.g. warmer temps, colder temps, freshwater), and they expel the zooxanthellae, giving it a bleached-out appearance. |
| What is the process called where corals take in zooxanthellae once again? | endocytosis |
| Corals respire through their entire (1)___, including their (2)___ and body surface, and this gas exchange with the environment is facilitated by ciliated (3)___ cells. The main excretory product is (4)___, which diffuses across the body surface. | 1. epidermis 2. tentacles 3. epidermal 4. ammonia |
| Corals reproduce sexually through (1)___ release into the water column, and asexually through (2)___ and (3)___. | 1. gamete 2. budding 3. fragmenting |
| Sexual reproduction in corals varies from hermaphroditic colonies, releasing bundles of (1)___ and (2)___ which break open in the water column and mix with other colonies' bundles, to separately sexed colonies- one releasing (1)___, one releasing (2)___. | 1. eggs 2. sperm |
| Some corals also brood their larvae, releasing (1)___ ___ which are further developed and readt for settlement if the right habitat is found | planula larvae |
| Often storms will fragment branching corals, such as Acropora, and those fragments (or (1.)___) can then re-attach in a new location after storm is subsided and begin a new, cloned colony (a (2)___). | 1. ramets 2. genet |
| Cnidocytes are sensory-effector cells which house a (1)___, of which there are three types: (2-4). These cells usually require two modes of sensory stimulation to fire - (5)___ and (6)___. | 1. cnida 2. nematocyst 3. spirocyst 4. ptychocyst 5. mechanical 6. chemical |
| Cnidocytes are concentrated in the tentacles, but can be found throughout the (1)___ and (2)___. Their general function is to (3)___ and (4)___ prey, as well as for (5)___. | 1. epidermis 2. gastrodermis 3. capture 4. subdue 5. defense |
| Symbiosis with no trophic relationship is called: | phoresy |
| Symbiosis with an indirect trophic relationship is called: | commensalism |
| Symbiosis with a direct trophic relationship that is beneficial is called: | mutualism |
| Symbiosis with a direct trophic relationship that causes harm and exploitation, and ALWAYS kills the MANY hosts it comes in contact with is called a: | predator |
| Symbiosis with a direct trophic relationship that causes harm and exploitation, and ALWAYS kills the ONE host it comes in contact with is called a: | parasitoid |
| Symbiosis with a direct trophic relationship that causes harm and exploitation, and SELDOM kills the MANY hosts it comes in contact with is called a: | micropredator |
| Symbiosis with a direct trophic relationship that causes harm and exploitation, and SELDOM kills the ONE host it comes in contact with is called a: | parasite |
| What kind of predators are the Cliona sponges that bore into the calcium carbonate skeleton of corals or the shells of molluscs? | parasite |
| What kind of predators are the platyhelminths, Dicrocelium dendriticum, that live inside snails, ants, and herbivores and possess unique mechanisms to pass between hosts? | parasite |
| What kind of predator is the Emerald Cockroach Wasp, Ampulex compressa, which has a unique mechanism of providing for their young by inserting larvae in cockroach's body, eventually killing it once the larvae hatches and eats it | parasitoid |
| What are the 5 main challenges that parasites must learn to adapt to? | 1. finding a host 2. getting from host to host 3. finding a mate 4. staying attached 5. avoiding detection |
| The parasite Dicrocoelium dendriticum belongs to which phylum? Explain its life cycle. | Annelida; egg released in feces; miracidium in egg; miracidium hatches from egg once eaten by snail; mother sporocyst; daughter sporocyst w/cercariae; cercariae out w/slime; slime w/cercariae eaten by ant; metacercaria take ant; ant eat by sheep; begin |
| Name the 3 main groups that the phylum Annelida is divided into: | class: Polychaeta subclass: Oligochaeta subclass: Hirunidinomorpha |
| What is one of the main, and most prominent characteristic of the phylum annelida? | segmentation |
| Segmentation or (1)___ describes organisms whose bodies are divided into a longitudinal series of segments, or similar repeated units involving the body cavity, (2)___, (3)___, and (4)___ systems and parts of the musculature. | 1. metamerism 2. nervous system 3. circulatory system 4. excretory system |
| approximately how many species are there in the phylum Annelida? What are some general characteristics? | >15,000 spp. they are iridescent, move in shimmy-like fashion, hunters, gatherers, etc. |
| Name 4 habitats in which Annelids may be found? | 1. mud 2. hard, rocky substrate 3. deep sea 4. intertidal |
| Which family of Polychaeta is found in the tube feet of a sea star? | scale worm |
| How do Riftia survive (and feed) in the hydrothermal vents? | they survive by breathing through gills, and have specialized symbiotic bacteria living inside their bodies which help provide proper nutrients |
| How do "feather duster worms" (family Sabellidae) detect danger? | they use eyes that are located on each of its appendages |
| How do "spaghetti worms" (Family Terebellidae) feed? | they live in tubes and have grooved tentacles that pick up particles that are for feeding and also help with building up their tubes they also have gills. |
| How are leeches (Subclass Hirudinomorpha) able to mask their bites? | They have an anesthetic and an anticoagulant that allows them to attach to their victim and suck their blood without being noticed |
| Leeches can take up to ___ times their own weight in blood. | 10x |
| What are 3 characteristics that make leeches stand out from other annelids? | 1. they have 3 pincer-like jaws 2. they care for their offspring by keeping the brood under their bellies 3. they use looping via anterior and posterior suckers as a locomotory tactic to maneuver their bodies in certain ways |
| How does Diopatra (Family Onuphidae) construct its tube? What is the importance of their tubes in the muddy intertidal habitat? | they collect bits of sand, shells, and algae and secrete glue-like compounds to hold them in place The tube helps to stabilize them in the mud and holds together the sediment to keep them from 'up-rooting' |
| How is the proboscis of the burrowing/tunneling worm, Abarenicola (Family Arenicolidae), used in locomotion? What are its frilly gills and reduced parapodia used for? | -they have a large, machine-like proboscis that assists in its burrowing and tunneling. -large gills for breathing -it uses muscle contractions to propel itself forward |
| What a the major characteristics that unite the phylum Annelida? | They all have a flexible body with a circulatory system, nervous system, muscles, repetitive segments, and a gut that runs the length of its body |
| The "garden earthworm" (Lumbricus, Family Lumbricidae) can live up to (1)___ years and grow to be (2)___ feet. | 1. 7 years 2. 20 feet |
| What are some of the ecological importances of annelids? | "blossoming earth"; sustaining atmosphere |
| Do Oligochaetes have parapodia? How does distribution and orientation of the chaetae relate to their lifestyle? | No, only chaetae it helps them to stabilize their position in the sediment as they move along and allows them to anchor firmly into their burrow. |
| How do Oligochaetes move through sediment? | they extend the front end of the body, taking hold of the substrate using chaetae, then retract chaetae at the rear of the body and drawing up the rear end |
| In Oligochaetes, what is the name of the pre-oral area? What is the first true segment of the body called and what does it surround? What is the final segment which includes the anus on the posterior end called? | -prostomium -peristomium; mouth -pygidium |
| What is the area near the anus that is used for spawning called? Do all 3 groups of Annelids have this structure? Name all groups that apply. | -clitellum -2 -Oligochaeta & Hirunidinomorpha |
| What do Oligochaetes use their pharynx for? | used to dig through sediment |
| Each Annelid segment houses a bilateral pair of (1)___ cavities isolated from neighboring segments by (2)___ ___. | 1. coelomic 2. transverse septa |
| Define chaetae. | chitinous bristles that project outward from the epidermis to provide traction and perform other tasks |
| Explain how the longitudinal and circular muscles work in Oligochaetes. | -when longitudinal muscle contracts, the body shortens and the rear is drawn closer to the anterior end -when the circular muscles contract the body elongates, pulling the anterior end further away from the rear |
| Name the 2 main factors that make up the Oligochaete hemal system? | -ventral blood vessel -dorsal blood vessel |
| In most Oligochaetes, the two nerve cords have fused in the ventral midline and are situated inside the muscle layers of the body wall. What is the name of the fused structure? | ventral nerve cord |
| What type of environments do Oligochaetes live in? | almost everywhere; terrestrial and aquatic |
| What kind of predators are most Oligochaetes and what do they eat? | -scavengers -decomposing/dead organic matter, particularly vegetation |
| Oligochaete digestive tracts are simple. The mouth, situated beneath the (1)__, opens into small (2)__ __, which in turn opens to a more spacious (3)__. The (3) opens into a narrow, tubular (4)__, which may form a (5)__ and (6)__. What are 3,5&6 used for? | 1. prostomium 2. buccal cavity 3. pharynx: acts as a pump& produces a salivary secretion containing mucus. Also assists with digging through sediment 4. esophagus 5. crop: storage chamber for food 6. gizzard: grinds food particles; is very muscular |
| What part of the Oligochaete body can the intestine be found in? | it runs the length of its body |
| The surface area of the Oligochaete intestine is increased by a ridge or fold called a ___, which projects internally from the mid dorsal wall | thyphlosole |
| Do leeches have parapodia? | no |
| What types of environments do Hirudinomorpha live in? | common in fresh water but also occur in the sea and in moist areas on land |
| All Hirudinomorphs have a (1)__ or posterior (2)__ that adheres to the host or the substratum. | 1. terminal 2. sucker |
| Do leeches have parapodia? | no |
| All leeches have the same number of segments (#?) that are hidden from the outside by their secondary external annulation. | 34 |
| Do leeches have eyes? What other kinds of sensory structures do they have? | -yes, very simple eyes that cannot detect images -chemorecptors -mechanoreceptors |
| Leeches have a clitellum that develops seasonally on which segments? Which segments make up the large posterior, ventral sucker? | -9-11 -25-34 |
| What types of locomotion do Hirunidinomorphs use? | -looping via anterior/posterior suckers -walk -swim |
| What kind of predators are Hirunidinomorphs? What do they feed on? What kind of mouth structures do they have? | -parasitic -blood -3 saw-like jaws |
| What is the most obvious characteristic of polychaetes? | they have parapodia |
| Polychaete parapodia have a dorsal division, (1)__, and a ventral division, (2)__. Each one is supported by a chitinous skeletal rod called an (3)__. Tentacle-like sensory processes, (4)__, project from the dorsal base of (1) & ventral base of (2). | 1. notopodium 2. neuropodium 3. aciculum 4. cirri |
| Differences in detailed morphologies of (1)__ are important for distinguishing among the many polychaete families. Identifying polychaetes to species often requires close examination of the (2)__ and their arrangement. | 1. parapodia 2. chaetae |
| What kind of feeding strategies do polychaetes use? | filter feeders, active predators, scavengers, carnivores, deposit feeders, suspension feeders, herbivores, opportunistic, chemoautotrophic. Few are parasitic and some are commensal or cannibalistic |
| Some carnivorous species possess (1)__ and (2)__ for feeding. | 1. jaws 2. toxins |
| One of the oldest living animals are a type of specialized Annelid, which live in colonies near hydrothermal vents and hydrocarbon seeps on the deep ocean floor, can live up to 200yrs & are completely dependent on ___ w/chemo-trophic bacteria. | symbiosis |
| What are some of the ecological and cultural importances of annelids? | -ecologically: they are builders of ecosystems -culturally: we depend on them to aid in farming and fishing practices, and even for medicinal uses |
| What type of skeletons do all annelids have? | hydrostatic skeleton |
| What kind of locomotion do Polychaetes have? | Polychaete: parapodia- walking, swimming, burrowing, & proboscis |
| What kind of locomotion do Oligochaetes have? | Oligochaete: peristaltic motion (alternating circular & longitudinal muscles), chaetae- help burrow |
| What kind of locomotion do Hirunidinomorphs have? | Leech: looping (ant./post. suckers), muscles (circular, longitudinal, AND oblique), walk, swim |
| How do Oligochaetes and Hirunidinomorphs accomplish respiration? | -moisture -across body wall |
| What types of sensory structures do Polychaetes have and what are they used for? | -statocysts: orientation -palps: tactile, sense what's going on around them -eyes: slightly better than leeches; located on filter feeding apparatus -antennae -nuchal organs: "lateral line system for their head" |
| What kinds of reproduction and development do polychaetes have? | -Epitoky w/gonads inside; burst open at right time & spread gametes everywhere -asexual: budding, break off or in series -sexual: diacious, separate sexes |
| What kinds of reproduction and development do Oligochaetes have? | -hermaphroditic: external reproduction -clitellum: used for mutual sperm transfer, mucus secretion to make cocoons, fertilisation, and albumen |
| What kinds of reproduction and development do Hirunidinomorphs have? | -hermaphroditic -clitellum: only seasonal (present when reproducing) -ONLY annelids to have maternal care (holds brood under belly) |
| What kinds of feeding mechanisms and behaviors do Oligochaetes have? | -detritivores: big muscular pharynx -crop: stores food, is soft -gizzard: breaks down material (harder) parasitic |
| What kinds of feeding mechanisms and behaviors do Hirunidinomorphs have? | -feed on blood -3 saw-like jaws -inject w/anesthetic and anticoagulant so blood doesn't clot & vasodialator -parasitic -scavenge 25% |
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