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Metabolism - Ch 1
Homeostastis: the foundation of physiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Physiology | study of the functions of living things |
| Anatomy | study of the structure of the body |
| Atoms | Smallest building blocks of all living and nonliving matter |
| Most common atoms in body (4) | Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen |
| Molecules | Made of atoms, i.e. proteins, carbs, fats and nucleic acids |
| Cell | Basic unit of function and structure in a living being; smallest unit capable of carrying out processes associated with life |
| Plasma membrane | Encloses cell contents; separates chemicals inside from outside |
| Organisms | independent living entities |
| Cell differentiation | when cells become specialized to carry out a particular function |
| Tissues | Formed by cells of similar structure/specialized function |
| Muscle tissue | Contract/generate force; skeletal, cardiac, and smooth (movement) |
| Nervous tissue | initiating/transmitting electical impulses |
| Epithelial tissue | Exchange materials between cell and environment |
| Lumen | Cavity within hollow organ or tube |
| Glands | Epithelial tissue derivatives specialized for secreting |
| Secretion | release from a cell |
| Exocrine glands | secrete through ducts to outside |
| Endocrine glands | lack ducts and release hormones into blood internally |
| Connective tissue | connects, supports, and anchors body parts; tendons, bone, blood |
| Elastin | protein fiber that facilitates stretching/recoiling of structures |
| Organs | two or more types of primary tissue organized together to perform a particular function or functions, i.e. stomach |
| Body systems | collection of organs that perform related functions to accomplish a common activity essential for survival |
| 11 body systems | circulatory, digestive, respiratory, urinary, skeletal, muscular, integumentary, immune, nervous, endocrine, reproductive |
| Internal environment | Watery inside of body cell where exchanges are made |
| Intracellular fluid (ICF) | fluid within all body cells |
| Extracellular fluid (ECF) | internal environment of body where cells live; outside cell but inside body |
| 2 components of ECF | Plasma and interstitial fluid |
| Plasma | fluid portion of blood |
| Interstitial fluid | surrounds and bathes cells |
| Homeostasis | Maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment; dynamic steady state with change minimized by responses |
| Factors regulated homeostatically (7) | 1. Concentration of nutrient molecules 2. Concentration of O2 and CO2 3. Waste products 4. pH 5. Water, salt, electrolytes 6. Volume and pressure 7. Temperature |
| Circulatory system for homeostasis | transport system that carries materials from one part to the other; i.e. heart, blood vessels, blood |
| Digestive system for homeostasis | Breaks down food into nutrient molecules, transfers water and electrolytes, eliminates residue |
| Respiratory for homeostasis | O2 and CO2 rates; pH maintenance |
| Urinary for homeostasis | removes excess water, salt, acid, and electrolytes |
| Skeletal for homeostasis | provides support and protection for soft tissues and organs; stores Calcium; bone marrow source of blood cells |
| Muscular for homeostasis | moves bones; heat |
| Integumentary (skin and etc.) for homeostasis | outer protective barrier; regulates body temperature |
| Immune for homeostasis | defends against invaders; repairs injured cells |
| Nervous for homeostasis | controls bodily activities that require swift responses; responsible for higher functions beyond homeostasis |
| Endocrine for homeostasis | Regulate activities that require duration; volume and electrolyte composition |
| Homeostatic control system | interconnected network of body components that operate to maintain a given factor in internal environment relatively constant around optimal level |
| Intrinsic/local controls | built into organ; self-serving |
| Extrinsic controls | regulatory mechanisms initiated outisde organ to alter activity |
| Feedback | Responses made after change has been detected |
| Feedforward | responses made in |
| Negative feedback | change triggers response that restores factor by moving factor in opposite direction of initial change |
| Controlled variable | factor that can vary but is held within narrow range |
| Positive feedback | output enhances/amplifies change so variable moves in direction of initial change |
| Pathophysiology | abnormal functioning of the body associated with disease |
Created by:
chenster121
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