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Biology words ch. 2.
Biology words from chapter two plus others
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| atom | smallest basic unit of matter |
| element | substance made of only one atom that cannot be broken down by chemical means |
| compound | substance made of atoms of different elements that are bonded together in a certain ratio |
| ion | atom that has gained or lost one or more electrons |
| ionic bond | chemical bond formed through the electrical force between oppositely charged ions |
| covalent bond | chemical bond formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons |
| molecule | two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds; not necessarily a compound |
| hydrogen bond | attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom |
| cohesion | attraction between molecules of the same substance |
| adhesion | attraction between molecules of different substances |
| solution | mixture that is consistent throughout; also called a homogeneous mixture |
| solvent | substance in which solutes dissolve and that is present in greatest concentration in solutions |
| solute | substance that dissolves in a solvent and is present at a lower concentration than the solvent |
| acid | compound that donates a proton(H+) when dissolved in a solution |
| base | compound that accepts a proton (H+)when dissolved in a solution |
| pH | measurement of acidity; related to free hydrogen ion concentration in solution |
| monomer | molecular subunit of a polymer |
| polymer | large carbon based molecule formed my monomers |
| carbohydrate | molecule composed of carbon, hydrogen,and oxygen; includes sugars and starches |
| lipid | nonpolar molecule composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; includes fats and oils |
| fatty acid | hydrocarbon chain often bonded to glycerol in a lipid |
| protein | polymer composed of amino acids linked by peptide bonds; folds into a particular structure depending on bonds between amino acids |
| amino acid | molecule that makes up proteins; composed of hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen and sometimes sulfur |
| nucleic acid | polymer of nucleotides; the genetic material of organisms |
| chemical reaction | process by which substances change into different substances through the breaking and forming of chemical bonds |
| reactant | substance that is changed by a chemical reaction |
| product | substance formed by a chemical reaction |
| bond energy | amount of energy needed to break a bond between two particular atoms; or the amount of energy released when a bond forms between two particular atoms |
| equilibrium | condition in which reactants and products of a chemical reaction are formed at the same rate |
| activation energy | energy input necessary to initiate a chemical reaction |
| exothermic | chemical reaction that yields a net release of energy in the form of heat |
| endothermic | chemical reaction that requires a net input of energy |
| catalyst | substance that decreases activation energy and increases activation rate in a chemical reaction |
| enzyme | protein that catalyzes chemical reactions for organisms |
| substrate | reactant in a chemical reaction upon which an enzyme acts |
| polysaccharide | a carbohydrate whose molecules consist of a number of sugar molecules bonded together |
| macromolecule | a molecule containing a very large number of atoms |
| disaccharide | any of a class of sugars whose molecules contain two monosaccaride residues |
| amylase | an enzyme found chiefly in saliva and pancreatic fluid that converts starch and glycogen into simple sugars |
| digestion | the process of breaking down food by mechanical and enzymatic action in the stomach and the intestines into substances that can be used by the body |
| indicator | a compound that changes color at a specific pH value or in the presence of a particular substance and can be used to monitor acidity, alkalinity,or the progress of a reaction |
| hydrolysis reaction | a chemical reaction during which molecules of water are split into hydrogen cations + and hydrogen anions - |
| monosaccharide | any of the class of sugars that cannot be hydrolyzed to give a simple sugar |
| oil | any of the group of natural esters of glycerol and various fatty acids that are liquid at room temperature |
| ATP | adenosine triphosphate: a nucleotide derived from adenosine that occurs in muscle tissue; the major source of energy for cellular reactions |
| hormones | a regulatory substance produced in an organism and transported in tissue fluids to stimulate or suppress cells or tissues |
| glycerol | an organic compound that is colorless, sweet, viscous, and is a liquid formed as a by product in soap manufacture |
| fats | a natural oily or greasy substance occurring in animal bodies |
| glycogen | a substance deposited in bodily tissues as a store of carbohydrates |
| sterol | any of the group of naturally occurring unsaturated steroid alcohols |
| phospholipid | a lipid containing a phosphate group in its molecule |
| steroids | any of a large class of organic compounds with a characteristic molecular structure containing four rings of carbon atoms |
| cholesterol | a compound of the sterol type found in most body tissues including the blood and nerves |
| RNA | ribonucleic acid: a nucleic present in all living; principle role: to act as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA for controlling synthesis of proteins |
| nucleotide | a compound consisting of a nucleoside linked to a phosphate group; they form the basic structural unit of nucleic acids |
| graduated cylinder | piece of laboratory equipment used to accurately measure the volume of an object |
| tare | an allowance made for the weight of the packaging on order to determine the net weight of goods |
Created by:
Little Dreamer
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