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Bio Exam #2

Chapter 8,9,11

QuestionAnswer
Eukaryotic Cells, Bacteria & Viruses - immune system - RNA & DNA have protein coats
Pathogens - disease causing organisms - living org: fungi, bacteria, parasites - non living org: viruses (strands of DNA & RNA) & prions (misshaped protein
Bacteria - prokaryotic - single celled - variety of resources for growth/reproduction - Infections: tonsillitis, tuberculosis, etc
Viruses -extremely small -living? (non-living) -modes of entry: transfusion, sex, sneeze, etc. -diseases: aids.common colds, warts, chicken pox, etc.
Prions -infectious proteins -folding problems of normal brain proteins -resist cooking,freezing,drying -Diseases: mad cow disease (Bovine Spongiform Encephalitis- BSE) & Creutzfeld Jakob Disease (CJD)
Determination of Heart Risk -transmissibility: how easy it is passed on -mode of transmission: respiratory, fecal-oral, body fluids, etc. -virulence: how much damage is caused by the infection
Lymohatic System (Function) -maintains blood volume in cardiovascular system -transports fats & fat-soluble material from digestive system -immunity: filtration of foreign material
Lymphatic System (Components) [1] -lymph proteins containing fluid, transported by lymphatic vessels -lymph nodes: cleans lymph by filtering out materials -spleen: removes dying RB cells yo help fight infections - Thymus: secrates thymosin &thymopietin to cause T lymphocytes to mature
Lymphatic System (Components) [2] -Tonsils: protect throat -Adenoids:holds white blood cells as well to protect pharynx
Skin -one of the 1st line of defense -dead layers, microorganisms cant live on it -consistant replacement -pH=5-6:too acid for microorganisms -keeps pathogens out
Second line of defense [1] -phagocytes:(incredible hulk) transforms,digest, gets rid of waste -natural killer cells:(lymphocytes) digests membrane tumor & viruses -inflammation: attacks phagocytes & premotes tissue healing
Second line of defense [2] -Complement system:proteins,assist defense mechanisms, kills -histamine: causes swelling dilates, causes increase of blood flow to area -fever: makes internal environment less hospital to pathogens
Pathogens -neutrophils -macrophages -eosinophils
inflammatory response -Signs: redness, heat, redness & pain -Process: tissue damage leads to release histamine, blood vessels dilates, complement marks bacteria, phagocytes cells arrive & remove invading microorganism
Third line of defense -Antigens: major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins -B cells: antibody mediated immunity, action by antibodies
Classes & Structure of Antibodies -IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM -Structure: heavy & light chains, Constant & variables regions
agglutination bacteria is clumped by antibodies, deactivated the bacteria & the phagocytes clean up the bacteria
T- Cells cell mediated immunity (action by cells)
Helper T-Cells stimulate other general immune cells (produce cytokines)
Cytotoxic T-Cells kill abnormal & foreign cells
Memory T-Cells reactivate on re-exposed
Suppressor T-Cells suppresses other immune cells (keeps "military" in check)
(B) Immunoglobulin 5 classes of antibodies: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM
(T) cytokines cells use to communicate
Created by: Cammyd93
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