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A&Pch3terms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| active transport | involves the expenditure of extra energy from cells own energy reserve and can result in net movement of solute uphill against a concentration gradient |
| adenosine triphosphate | in primary active transport, the carrier derives its energy from APT |
| antiport | one solute may be exchanged for another in a process of exchange |
| ATPase | a large family of enzymes |
| blood plasma | the fluid component of blood |
| carriers | proteins that actually bind indicidual solute molecules on one side of the membrane and release the solute on the opposite side of the membrane |
| channels | barrel shaped pores that enclose a small water filled passage through which solutes diffuse as if in free solution |
| cotransport | multiple solutes of different types may need to bind to the carrier before all are transloated |
| diffusion | the movement of a substance due to the random movement of its individual particles |
| diffusion coefficient | a factor that determines the rate of net movement of a substance by diffusion, it is a property that depends on the particle size of the substance and the nature of the medium in which diffusion is occuring |
| diffusion potential | the charge seperation generated by this process can be measured as an electrical coltage between the two chambers |
| distance | a key factor that determine the rate of net movement of a substance by diffusion. greater distances reduce the rate of net movement. |
| effectors | changes that regulate variable in the direction of the setpoint |
| endocytosis | a process of cellular uptake in which a small region of the plasma membrane is first indented for form a pocket and then is pinched off to for a endocytotic vesicle |
| endocytotic vesicle | a packet of plasma membrane containing anything that was within the pocket when it formed |
| enxymes | any of a very large class of comphex proteinaceous substances (as amylases or pepsin) that are produced by living cells, are essential to life by acting like catalysts in promoting at the cell temperature usually reversible reactions |
| equilibrium potential | magnitude of the equilibrium protention (E)is directly related to the magnitude of the concentration gradient, since one must balance the other |
| exchange | a process in which one solute may be exchanged for another (antiport) |
| exoctytosis | a process in which intracellular vesicles fuse with the plasma membrant and release their contents to the exterior |
| exothermic | heat releasing |
| extracellular compartment | all of the solution outside a cell |
| extracellular fluid | all the fluid outside cells, which has two mail components: interstitual fluid and the blood plasma |
| hypertonic | a solution that contains a higher imperment solute concentration and causes cells to shrink |
| hypertonic challeng | homeostatic challenge that add impermeant solute to the ECF without changing the total water content will drive movement of water from intracellular compart. to extracellular compart until the osmotic concetration of both compart. are again = but > normal |
| hypotonic | a solution that contains a lower concetration of impermeant solute than normal cytophasm (and therefore a higher osmotic strength) and causes cells placed in it to swell |
| hypotonic challenge | homeostatic challange that decreases total extracellular solute will result in osmotic concentration of the two compartments becomes equal, but lower then normal. |
| interstitial fluid | fluid that immediately surrounds cells in tissue |
| intracellular compartment | a compartment which is surrounded by a water permeable barrier, that holds all of the cytoplasm of a cell |
| ions | anoms or molecules that have an electrical charge |
| isotonic | solutions throughout most organs and tissues in which the osmotic concentration of the cytoplasm is approximately 300 mOsmeles/liter |
| law of electroneutrality | ions sever stay more than a short distance away from a corresponding counterion |
| ligand-gated channels | many channels are opened or closed (gated) by external influences. ligand gated channels respond to the binding of messenger substances from inside or outside the cell. |
| muscle tone | a constand low level of tension in all muscles |
| Na+/K+ ATP phase | found in virtually all cells, the Na+ K+ pump |
| Na+/K+ pump | in each cycle Na+ K+ pump split 1 ATP & mediate ejection of 3 Na from cell in exchange for 2 K moved from outside in. cytoplasm contains higher concentration K the extracellular fluid is reverse for Na both Na&K move against concentration gradient by pump |
| Na+ glucose cotransporter | uses the downhill gradient of Na+ into the cells, which is generated by the Na+ K+ pump to drive glucose into the cell against its concentration gradient |
| negative feedback | designed to min. deviation from setpoint of some variable feature of environment (temp) by having sensors measure regulated variable, controllers that compare measured value w/ setpoint & by activating effectors that move variable in direction setpoint |
| nernst equation | the mathematical relationship between the two forms of energy--electrical & chemical-- is described by Nernst equation Ek+=RT/zF In ({K+}left/{K+} right) |
| osmometer | device in which 2 rigid compartments are seperated by barrier that is permeable to water but not solute. 1 compartment contains pure water whereas the other containssolution of unknown concentration |
| osmosis | diffusive movement of water down a water concentration gradient |
| osmotic pressure | an equilibrium pressure directly related to the concentration of solute particles |
| passive transport | net movement of substances by diffusion; does not require the imput of extra energy from cellular metabolism |
| permeant substances | very small molecules (water) or substances that can dissolve in lipids |
| phagocytosis | a process in which cells of the immune system can engulf whole bacteria or particles of foreign material |
| primary active transport | the carrier derives its energy from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) |
| pyrogens | fever inducer |
| receptor mediated endocytosis | movement to cellular interior membrane proteins together w/ specific extracellular substances that become bound to receptors. it's important method of regulating number of receptor proteins in plasma membrane |
| receptors | membrane proteins in the cellular interior |
| resting potential | a difference in electrical charge between the cytoplasmic and extracellulare sides of the plasma membrane |
| secondary active transport | processes not driven by ATP but by transmembrane gradient of some other solute |
| sensors | in negative feedback sensors measure the state of the regulated variable and pass this information to a controller that compares it with a predetermined setpoint |
| setpoint | a set value of some variable feature of the environment, such as temperature |
| osmosis | diffusive movement of water down a water concentration gradient |
| osmotic pressure | an equilibrium pressure directly related to the concentration of solute particles |
| passive transport | net movement of substances by diffusion; does not require the imput of extra energy from cellular metabolism |
| permeant substances | very small molecules (water) or substances that can dissolve in lipids |
| thermogenesis | means of increasing heat production within the body |
| phagocytosis | a process in which cells of the immune system can engulf whole bacteria or particles of foreign material |
| transport APTase | carrier proteins, of which the most common form is the Na+ K+ pump found in virtually all cells |
| primary active transport | the carrier derives its energy from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) |
| pyrogens | fever inducer |
| the uptake of extracellular fluid with water and solutes | |
| receptor mediated endocytosis | movement to cellular interior membrane proteins together w/ specific extracellular substances that become bound to receptors. it's important method of regulating number of receptor proteins in plasma membrane |
| receptors | membrane proteins in the cellular interior |
| resting potential | a difference in electrical charge between the cytoplasmic and extracellulare sides of the plasma membrane |
| secondary active transport | processes not driven by ATP but by transmembrane gradient of some other solute |
| sensors | in negative feedback sensors measure the state of the regulated variable and pass this information to a controller that compares it with a predetermined setpoint |
| setpoint | a set value of some variable feature of the environment, such as temperature |
| symport | multiple solutes of different types may need to bind to the carriers before all are translocated |
| synaptic transmission | chemical signals between neurons and neurons or between neurons and muscle cells |
| thermogenesis | means of increasing heat production within the body |
| transport APTase | carrier proteins, of which the most common form is the Na+ K+ pump found in virtually all cells |
| transport proteins | proteins that span the cell membrane, providing alternative routes through the membrane. there are 2 types of transport proteins" channel and carrier |
| voltage-gated channels | many channels are opened or closed (gated) by external influences. voltage gated channels respond to changes in membrane potential |
| the uptake of extracellular fluid with water and solutes | |
Created by:
brookealison2001
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