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Bio Test Number 2
Fall 2012
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the four things all cells have in common? | DNA, cell membrane, cytosol, and ribosomes |
| What does a prokaryotic cell contain that eukaryotic cells doesn't have? | Have no nucleus, DNA is in an unbound region called the nucleoid, lack membrane-bound organelles |
| What does a eukaryotic cell contain that prokaryotic cells doesn't have? | DNA in a nucleus that is bounded by a membranous nuclear envelope, have membrane-bound organelles, are generally much larger than prokaryotic cells However, the logistics of carrying out cellular metabolism sets limits on the size of cells. |
| Difference between plant and animal cells. | In animals: Flagella and cilia, centrioles, and lysosomes In plants: Central vacuole and tonoplast, cell wall, and plasmodesmata |
| Main components of the plasma membrane. | The general structure of a biological membrane is double layer of phospholipids |
| Components of the endomembrane system | Nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and plasma membrane |
| Nucleus | Including makeup of nuclear envelope (pore complex and nuclear lamina) and nucleolus and chromatin |
| Ribosomes | Use the information from the DNA to make proteins. Ribosomes carry out protein synthesis in two locations: In the cytosol (free ribosomes) On the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or the nuclear envelope (bound ribosomes) |
| Smooth ER | Synthesis lipids, metabolizes carbohydrates. Stores calcium, detoxifies poison. |
| Rough ER | Produces proteins and membranes, membrane factory for the cell. Example: insulin from pancreas. |
| Golgi apparatus | Modifies products of the ER, manufactures macromolecules, and sorts/packages materials into transport vesicles. |
| Vesicles | Air cavity or sac. Function is to transport materials in/out of the cell. |
| Lysosomes | Membrane sac of hydrolytic enzymes. They hydrolyze proteins, fats, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids. Can also use enzymes to recycle organelles and macromolecules. (Process called autophagy). |
| Mitochondria | The sites of cellular respiration. Powerhouse of the cell, converts energy. |
| Chloroplasts | Capture light energy. Contains green pigment chlorophyll. Structures are thykaiods, membrane sacs, steroma (the internal fluid) |
| Vacuoles | Used as storage. Food vacuoles are formed by phagocytosis.Contractile vacuoles pump excess water out. Central vacuole contains tonoplast hold organic compounds and water. |
| Plasma membrane | A selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of water, nutrients, and waste to service the volume of the cell. The structure is a double layer of phosolipids. |
| Cytoskeleton components | Microtubules, microfilaments (actin filaments), and intermediate filaments |
| What is the structure of microtubules? | Hollow tubes; wall consists of 13 columns of tubulin molecules. (Biggest). |
| What is the protein for microtubles? | Dynein, it is made out of tubulin. |
| What is the function for microtubles? | - Maintenance of cell shape (compressing-resisting “gliders”), cell motility (as in cilia or flagella). - Chromosome movement in cell division. - Organelle movement. |
| What is the structure of microfilaments? | Two intertwined strands of actin, each a polymer of actin subunits. (Smallest). |
| What is the protein for microfilaments? | Actin |
| What is the function of microfilaments? | Maintenance of cell shape (tension-bearing elements), changes in cell shape, muscle contraction, cytoplasmic streaming, cell motility (as in pseudopod), cell division (cleavage furrow formation). |
| What is the function of intermediate filaments? | Fibrous protein supercoiled into thicker cables. (Middle). |
| What is the protein of intermediate filaments? | One of several different proteins of keratin family, depending on cell type. |
| What is the function of intermediate filaments? | Maintenance of cell shape (tension-bearing elements), An anchorage of nucleus and certain other organelles. Formation of nuclear lamina. |
| Flagella and cilia | • Microtubules control the beating of cilia and flagella, locomotors appendages of some cells • Cilia and flagella differ in their beating patterns • These flagella and cilia are different in structure from those on prokaryotic cells |
| Centrioles | In animal cells, the centrosome has a pair of centrioles, each with nine triplets of microtubules arranged in a ring |
| Type and function of cell junction in plant cells. | Plasmodesmata are channels that perforate (puncture) plant cell walls Through plasmodesmata, water and small solutes (and sometimes proteins and RNA) can pass from cell to cell |
| Type and function of cell junction in plan cells. | Tight junctions, membranes of nearby cells come together, stop leakage of outside fluid. Desmosomes (anchoring junctions) fasten cells into strong sheets using intermediate filaments. Gap junctions (communicating jun.) cytoplasmic channels between cell |
| Extracellular structures in plant cells. | - The cell wall is an extracellular structure that distinguishes plant from animal cells - protects the plant cell, maintains its shape, and prevents excessive uptake of water - are made of cellulose fibers embedded in other polysaccharides and protein |
| Exracellular structure in animal cells. | - Animal cells lack cell walls but are covered by an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) |
| Main components of plasma membrane | o Phospholipids in the plasma membrane can move within the bilayer o Most of the lipids, and some proteins, drift laterally o Rarely does a molecule flip-flop transversely across the membrane |
| Role of cholesterol in the plasma membrane | The steroid cholesterol has different effects on membrane fluidity at different temperatures At warm temperatures (such as 37°C), cholesterol restrains movement of phospholipids At cool temperatures, it maintains fluidity by preventing tight packing |
| Six functions of membrane proteins | Transport, enzymatic activity, signal transduction, cell-cell recognition, intercellular joining, and attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix (ECM) |
| Difference between integral proteins and peripheral proteins. | Integral proteins penetrate the hydrophobic core and often span the membrane. Peripheral proteins are not embedded. |
| Difference between carrier and channel proteins. | Channel proteins provide corridors that allow a specific molecule or ion to cross the membrane Carrier proteins undergo a subtle change in shape that translocates the solute-binding site across the membrane |
| Passive transport | Particles move down the gradient. No energy required. |
| Active transport | Particles move up and against the gradient. Always need energy, uses ATP. |
| Diffusion | molecules moving from a higher concentration to a lower concentration. |
| Osmosis | Movement of water molecules from a higher concentration to a lower concentration. |
| Tonicity | Ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water molecules. |
| Isotonic solution | solute concentration is the same as that inside the cell; no net water movement across the plasma membrane |
| Hypertonic solution | solute concentration is greater than that inside the cell; cell loses water |
| Hypotonic solution | solute concentration is less than that inside the cell; cell gains water |
| Definition of cotransport | Cotransport occurs when active transport of a solute indirectly drives transport of another solute. Plants commonly use the gradient of hydrogen ions generated by proton pumps to drive active transport of nutrients into the cell. |
| Exocytosis | (Out)Transport vesicles migrate to the membrane, fuse with it, and release their contents. Many secretory cells use exocytosis to export their products. |
| Endocytosis | (In) the cell takes in macromolecules by forming vesicles from the plasma membrane. Endocytosis is a reversal of exocytosis, involving different proteins. |
| Phagocytosis | (“Cellular eating”): Cell engulfs particle in a vacuole. |
| Pinocytosis | (“Cellular drinking”): Cell creates vesicle around fluid. |
| Receptor mediated endocytosis | Binding of ligands to receptors triggers vesicle formation. |
| What is the equation for cellular respiration? | C6H12O6--->6O2®6CO2+6H2O+6H2O+ATP C6H12O6 (Sugar) 6O2 (Oxygen) 6CO2 (Carbon Dioxide) 6H2O ( ATP (Energy) |
| What is oxidized? | Loss of electrons |
| What is reduced? | Gain of electrons |
| What are the three stages for cellular respiration? | 1: Glycolysis- (breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate) 2: The citric acid cycle- (completes the breakdown of glucose) 3: Oxidative phosphorylation- also called electron transport chain (accounts for most of the ATP synthesis) |
| What enters the first two of cellular respiration? | Glycolysis begins respiration by breaking glucose, a six- carbon molecule, into two molecules of a three-carbon compound called pyruvate The citric acid cycle breaks down pyruvate into carbon dioxide and supplies the third stage with electrons |
| What enters the first third and fourth stage of cellular respiration? | Electrons r shuttled through the electron transport chain. ATP is generated thro oxidative phosphorylation assoc. chemiosmosis The transport of electrons, a concentration gradient of H+ ions is formed across the inner membrane into the intermembrane spac |
| What enters the first fifth and sixth stage of cellular respiration? | The potential energy of this concentration gradient is used to make ATP by a process called chemiosmosis The concentration gradient drives H+ through ATP synthases and enzymes found in the membrane, and ATP is produced |
| Where in the cell does each stage (first four)occur for cellular respiration? And in which part of the mitochondria? | •Glycolysis happens in the cytoplasm •It breaks down glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate. •It takes 2 ATP to start the process and give back 4 ATP (net 2) and 2 NADH. •ATP formed is through substrate level phosphorylation |
| Where in the cell does each stage (fifth and sixth) occur for cellular respiration? And in which part of the mitochondria? | •The citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle), takes place within the mitochondrial matrix •The 2 molecules of pyruvate are converted to acetyl CoA once they get inside the mitochondrial matrix giving off 1 CO2 molecule and 1 NADH each. |
| Where in the cell does each stage (seventh and eighth)occur for cellular respiration? And in which part of the mitochondria? | The acetly CoA sends a 2 C compound in 2 the Krebs cycle, it combines with oxaloacetate (4 C compound) to form citrate. In the cycle we get 2 CO2, 3 NADH, 1 FADH and 1 ATP per Acetly CoA delivered. And oxaloacetate is returned to beginning of the cycle. |
| Where in the cell does each stage (ninth and tenth)occur for cellular respiration? And in which part of the mitochondria? | •The electron transfer chain generates about 34 to 38 ATP molecules by setting up a proton gradient. The other byproduct is water. •This gradient is set up when H+ is pumped into the intermembrane space out of the matrix of the mitochondria. |
| Where in the cell does each stage (eleventh, twelfth, thirteenth)occur for cellular respiration? And in which part of the mitochondria? | •The pumping is possible through the coupling of energy released by electrons moving down the electron transfer chain. • The H+ can only get back into the matrix using ATP synthase. • This leads to ATP production through oxidative phosphorylation |
| What is the difference between substrate level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation? And is which stage of respiration does each occur? | During oxidative phosphorylation, chemiosmosis couples electron transport to ATP synthesis |
| What are the two types of fermentation and when is fermentation used versus cellular respiration? | - Two common types are alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation - Yeast and many bacteria are facultative anaerobes, meaning that they can survive using either fermentation or cellular respiration |
| What is the equation for photosynthesis? | 6CO2+12H2O + Light energy--->C6H12O6+6O2+6H2O |
| Is it endergonic or exergonic? | Photosynthesis |
| Is the change in free energy positive or negative? | Positive |
| What organisms carry out photosynthesis or are photoautotrophs? (Hint: it’s not just plants) | Hetrotrophs included Humans |
| Autotroph | sustains themselves without eating anything derived from other organism. They are the producers of the biosphere, producing organic molecules from CO2 and other inorganic molecules |
| Photoautotroph | Almost all plants are photoautotrophs, using the energy of sunlight to make organic molecules from water and carbon dioxide |
| Heterotroph | obtain their organic material from other organisms, are the consumers of the biosphere. Almost all heterotrophs, including humans, depend on photoautotrophs for food and oxygen |
| What are the two stages of photosynthesis | Light Reactions and Calvin Cycle. |
| What enters each stage of photosynthesis? (Hint: water is split in which stage?) | Light Reactions. |
| What leaves each stage of photosynthesis? | Glucose |
| What visible light is used by chlorophyll? | Violet blue and Red. |
| Know the arrangement of the photosystems. Two types of Photosystems. | 1.)Photosystem II functions first and is best at absorbing a wavelength of 680 nm 2.) Photosystem I is best at absorbing a wavelength of 700 nm. The two photosystems work together to use light energy to generate ATP and NADPH |
| Difference between cyclic and non-cyclic electron flow and when is each used? | Cyclic electron flow uses only photosystem I and produces only ATP. Noncyclic electron flow is the primary pathway. It involves both photosystems and produces ATP and NADPH |
| What is photorespiration? (Hint: It is not cellular respiration) | Photorespiration consumes O2 and organic fuel and releases CO2 without producing ATP or sugar |
| What happens when plants much close their stomata (know what these are) during hot dry periods? | Microscopic pores in plants--(stomata). On hot, dry days, plants close stomata, conserve water, limit photosynthesis Closing of stomata reduces access to CO2 and causes O2 to build up Conditions favor a seemingly wasteful process called photorespiratio |
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ArabQuest
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