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bkx BIO102 T2 P2
BIO-102 Exam #2, Part 2: Agriculture
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| List: 6 Components of Soil | (1) sand and gravel, (2) silts and clays, (3) dead organic material, (4) soil fauna and flora, (5) water, (6) air |
| List: 6 Soil Horizons | (1) O Layer - surface litter, (2) A Layer - topsoil, (3) E Layer - zone of leaching, (4) B Layer - subsoil, (5) C Layer - regolith, (6) Bedrock |
| Define: water-logging | excessively saturating soil with water, causing plant roots to die from lack of oxygen |
| Define: salinization | the process in which mineral salts accumulate in the soil, particularly occurring when soils in dry climates are irrigated with saline water |
| Define: pesticide | a chemical that kills pests, usually a toxic chemical, but sometimes also just a chemical that drives pests away |
| Define: biocide | a pest control compound killing a wide range of living things |
| Define: herbicide | chemical that kills plants |
| Define: insecticide | chemical that kills insects |
| Define: fungicide | chemical that kills fungi |
| Define: chlorinated hydrocarbons | "organochlorines" - persistant and highly toxic to sensitive organisms |
| Define: fumigants | chemicals in a gas state used to control fungus in fields with low-growing crops, as well as to prevent decay or rodent and insect infestations in stored grain |
| Define: inorganic pesticides | broad-spectrum poisons that are generally highly toxic and indestructible, remaining in the environment forever (generally act as nerve toxins) |
| Define: natural organic pesticides | "botanicals" - generally extracted from plants, these chemicals are toxic to insects and may prevent wood decay |
| Define: microbial agents/biological controls | living organisms or toxins derived from them that are used in place of pesticides |
| Define: pest resurgence | the rebound of resistant populations |
| Define: persistant organic pollutants (POPs) | a collective term for chemicals that persist for years, sometimes decades, move freely through air, water, and soil, and are high in toxicity, solubility, and stability |
| Define: sheet erosion | when a thin layer is taken off the land surface |
| Define: rill erosion | when little rivulets of running water gather together and cut small channels in the soil |
| Define: gully erosion | when rills enlarge to form bigger channels or ravines that are too large to be removed by normal tilling operation |
| Define: streambank erosion | the washing away of soil from the banks of established streams, creeks, or rivers, often as a result of removing trees and brush along streambanks and by cattle damage to the banks |
| Define: desertification | the conversion of productive land to desert |
| Define: "100% organic" | produced without hormones, antibiotics, pesticides, synthetic fertilizers, or genetic modifiers |
| Define: "organic" | at least 95% of ingredients are organic |
| Define: "made with organic ingredients" | at least 70% of ingredients can list them individually |
| Define: crop rotation | growing a different crop in a field each year in a two- to six-year cycle |
| Define: integrated pest management (IPM) | a flexible, ecologically based strategy that is applied at specific times and aimed at specific crops and pests |
| Define: economic thresholds | the point at which potential economic damage justifies pest control expenditures |
| Define: trap crops | small areas planted a week or two earlier than the main crop and doused with pesticides so as to attract pests away from other plants & kill them; trap crops are then destroyed to protect human population |
| Define: contour plowing | plowing across the hill rather than up and down |
| Define: strip farming | the planting of different kinds of crops in alternating strips along the land contours |
| Define: terracing | shaping the land to create level shelves of earth to hold water and soil |
| Define: perennial species | plants that grow for more than two years |
| Define: cover crops | crops such as rye, alfalfa, or clover that can be planted immediately after harvest to hold and protect soil |
| Define: mulch | a general term for a protective ground cover that can include manure, wood chips, straw, seaweed, leaves, and other natural products |
Created by:
bamkapowxo
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