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IGCSE Reproduction
IGCSE Biology Human Reproduction 15.5 - 15.9
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| ANTE-NATAL CARE | Balanced diet including calcium (bones), iron (blood), carbohydrate (energy) and protein (muscle growth). No smoking, alcohol, or drugs. |
| LABOUR | The fetus turns over inside the uterus to position itself right. A hormone oxytocin is released to stimulate contractions in the uterus. This is labour. The contractions get stronger and stretch the cervix, breaking the amnion. |
| BIRTH | After strong contractions of the uterus and dilation of the cervix, the baby is born and breathes for the first time. The umbilical cord is cut and tied, and the remains heal to form the navel. The placenta gets pushed out to form the afterbirth. |
| BREAST-FEEDING | Breast milk contains antibodies to give the baby passive immunity to diseases. The antibodies remain in the child's blod for a short time. It is more beneficial, nutritious, and cost-effective than formula milk. |
| MENSTRUATION PART 1: FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF FOLICLE | A follicle is a potential egg shrouded by a group of cells.The pituitary gland secretes FSH which stimulate growth and division through meiosis. The number of chromosomes is halved, and cytoplasm is filled with food. |
| MENSTRUATION PART 2: RELEASE OF OESTROGEN | Oestrogen thickens the lining of the uterus to prepare for developed egg. It also stimulates the production of LH (luteinising hormone) which stimulates ovulation and form the corpus luteum. Oestrogen also inhibits production of FSH. |
| MENSTRUATION PART 3: OVULATION | The folicle enlarges and fills with fluid, and starts to move towards the edge of ovary. It then bursts releasing the egg, some folicle cells, and the fluid into the ovary. Remaining folicle cells turn into the corpus luteum and produces progesterone. |
| MENSTRUATION PART 4: PROGESTERONE | Progesterone mains the thickness of the lining of the uterus to prepare for implantation. |
| SEX HORMONES: TESTOSTERONE | Testosterone is a hormone produced by the testicles which stimulates the growth of male sex organs, production of sperm cells, growth of hair on the face, underarm, in the pubic area, as well as deepening of the voice and muscle development. |
| SEX HORMONES: OESTROGEN | Oestrogen is produced by the ovaries and it stimulates the growth of female sex organs, start of the first menstrual cycle, growth of hair on parts of the body, growth and development of breasts, as well as widening of the hip to prepare for pregnancy. |
| FERTILITY DRUGS | One type of fertility drug is an injected one containing FSH, and this stimulates the ovaries to release eggs more as the woman is unable to. Other tablets make the pituitary gland insensitive to oestrogen, so FSH production won't be inhibited. |
| ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION | This occurs when the man is infertile. His semen can be collected from the man and placed via a fine plastic tube into the woman's uterus. If the man does not produce enough sperm or is defective, a donor's sperm would be used instead. |
| MECHANICAL BIRTH CONTROL | The IUD is a small plastic device wrapped in copper, fitted in the uterus and prevents sperm from passing through. The cap is a rubber dome which is placed over the cervix so that sperm can't swim through. There is also the condom and the femidom. |
| CHEMICAL BIRTH CONTROL | The pill is taken by the mouth and they contain oestrogen and progesterone in varying amounts to prevent the ovary releasing eggs (inhibiting FSH). Spermicides are chemicals which are sold as a form of liquid to be rubbed into the vagina to kill sperm. |
| NATURAL BIRTH CONTROL | The rhythmic method is used to predict when ovulation is most likely to occur in order to abstain from sex in the days just before and just after. Symptoms regarding ovulation can also be tracked to predict, such as an increase in ambient temperature. |
| SURGICAL BIRTH CONTROL | A vasectomy is a surgical procedure which the vas deferens (sperm ducts) are cut and tied so no sperm is in the semen. Sterilisation is a process where the oviducts are cut and blocked to stop ovulation and no eggs are released ever again. |
| HIV AND AIDS | HIV is a human pathogen which is composed of a few genes and a protein coat which enter cells and uses the cells to make more of it. When the body's immune system is weakened the patient is more likely to be infected with AIDS and diseases. |
| T-LYMPHOCYTES | HIV ttacks and destroys the T-lymphocytes. During an infection these lymphocytes stimulate the production of antibodies, and when these cells are fewer, less antibodies are produced, which increases the chance of more diseases and infections. |
| TRANSMISSION AND PREVENTION | HIV can be transmitted through blood, semen and to the child from the mother. Although there is no cure for AIDS, it can be prevented through the use of condoms, free needle exchange schemes, and careful screening of donated blood. |
| GONORRHEA | Gonorrhea is an STD, caused by a bacterium. It multiplies and build up within the urethra and the cervix to cause unpleasant discharges and pain, as well as sores, long term damage, sterility. Can be cured with antibiotics and prevented with a condom. |
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hdo
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