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Microbiology 206
Naming Viruses
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites of: | ~ bacteria, protozoa, fungi, algae, plants, and animals |
| What are capsids? | ~ protein coats that enclose & protect their nucleic acid (all viruses have) |
| What are the identical subunits of capsids called? | ~ capsomers (made of protein) |
| What are the 2 types of capsids called? | ~ helical & iscosahedral |
| How many sides and corners does a icosahedral have? | ~ 20 sides and 12 corners |
| Name 3 other Icosahedral features? | ~ vary in # of capsomers, each capsomers may be made of 1 or several proteins, and some are enveloped |
| What are the 6 steps of phage replication? | ~ adsorption, penetration, replication, assembly, maturaiton, and release. |
| In adsorption, a virus binds to a specific ? on a host cell. | ~ molecule |
| During penetration, ? enters the host cell. | ~ genome |
| What happens during the replication step of phage replication? | ~ viral components are produced. |
| Viral components are assembled during which step on phage replicaiton? | ~ Assembly |
| The maturation step of phage replication is the completion of what? | ~ viral formation |
| During the release step of phage replication, viruses leave cells to do what? | ~ infect other cells |
| Do all bacteriophages lyse cells? | ~ no |
| How do temperate phages work? | ~ they insert their DNA into the host chromosome & viral replication stops until later time. |
| What is Lysogeny? | ~ bacterial chromosome carries phage DNA |
| What are 2 factor that host cell must have for a virus to infect? | ~ receptors on surface, and enzymes&materials to produce new virions |
| Does a virus infect one species, many species, or both? | ~ both one and many |
| Can a virus be specif enough to attack just certain tissues? | ~ yes, hepatitis (liver) & polio (intestinal,nervecells) are examples |
| What are 4 (out of 8) differences between phage and animal virus replication? | ~ AnimV replicaiton is more complex, Lysogency (phage) is termed latency for AnimV, adsorption, penetration, duplication/synthesis, assembly, and release |
| What are cytopathic effects? | ~ virus-induced damage to cells |
| What are 4 (out of 7) ways cytopathic effect works? | ~ changes in size & shape, cytoplasmic inclusion bodies, nuclear inclusion bodies, cells fuse (form multiinucleated cells), cell lysis, alter DNA, and transforms cells into cancerous cells |
| Name 3 ways we can grow viruses? | ~ live animals, bird embryos (because intact,self supporting, sterile, self nourished), cell culture |
| Name 2 kinds of noncellular infectious agents? | ~ Prions and Viroids |
| What is a Prion? | ~ misfolded protein (contains no nucleic acid) |
| Name 2 features of prions? | ~ cause spongiform encephalophaties (holes in brain), common in animals |
| Prions found in sheep and goats are called: | ~ scarpie |
| Name a disease found in humans from prions? | ~ Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease |
| What are Viroids? | ~ Short pieces of RNA (no protein coat) |
| Viroids have only been identified in what so far? | ~ plants |
| Is a diagnosis of a viral disease more difficult or easier than other agents? | ~ more difficult |
| T or F, To diagnose a viral disease one must consider the overall clinical picture? | ~ True |
| When diagnosing for a viral disease, what are 3 ways to test an appropriate sample? | ~ Infect cell culture (look for cytopathic effect), screen for parts of virus, and screen for immune response to virus (antibodies) |
| Virus particles of bacteriophages are known as: | ~ Virions |
| What are two type of Virions? | ~ Naked & Enveloped |
| Naked Virions consists only of ? ? | ~ Protein capsid |
| What is the major difference between Enveloped Virions and Naked Virions? | ~ Enveloped Virions have an additional layer over the capsid |
| Which type of Virion is typically found in animal species? | ~ Enveloped |
| Which type of Virion is easier to control and why? | ~ Enveloped because of the weakpoint of the outer layer |
| If a virus has a productive infection with the host, what happens as a result? | ~ more of the virus is produces |
| What are three cycles of inftected virus's in host cell? | ~ Lytic, non-lysis, and lysogenic |
| What does lytic mean? | ~ Cells are destroyed, or lysed |
| What does non-lysis mean? | ~ virus leaks out of host cell (does not kill it) |
| What are lysogenic infections? | ~ the virus incorporates its DNA into the host's DNA (no sign the cell is infected) |
| What are 4 ways to ingest a virus? | ~ enteric (Rfeces contaminated food), espiratory (inhaled droplets), Zoonotic (animal>human), or sexually transmitted (herpes, HIV) |
| When cultivating a virus in a host cell is it easier to get results from bacteria or animals? | ~ Bacteria is easier |
| What are 5 ways to cultivate viruses in host cells? | ~ In live cells, in bacteria, in living animals, in embryonated chicken eggs, in tumor (in vitro can be indefinate) |
| What are three different types of infections that tell us the time a virus is in the host? | ~ Acute infection, Persistant infections, and Slow Infections |
| Which type of infection has Productive Infections? | ~ acute infecitons |
| What is the name of infections that last several years | ~ Persistant Infection |
| What are 2 type of persistant infections? | ~ Chronic & Latent |
| What is the name of the infection where a virus is almost always detectable and clinical symtoms may be either mild or absent for long periods called: | ~ Chronic Infections |
| What are 2 examples of chronic Infections? | ~ HIV, and Hepatitis B |
| What is the difference between latent infections and acute infections? | ~ latent remain dormant, undetectable for years and than become active again, while acute have a short duration |
| What is an example of a latent infection? | ~ Herpes Simplex Virus, varicella-zoster virus, or Epstein-Barr virus |
| What is the difference between slow infections and persistant infections? | ~ Slow infections may have no apparent symptoms for a long time while building up, while persistant can have mild symptoms and take less time. |
| Name 2 examples of slow infections? | ~ Hiv > Aids , and Measles > Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (SSPE) |
| Are Prions thought to be viral? | ~ No |
| What are prions? | ~ infectious agents that are protein (contain no nucleic acid) |
| What is an example of a prion infectious disease? | ~ Mad Cow Disease |
Created by:
Patrick24g
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