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Integumentary System
Skin & Glands
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Where do glands come from? | Glans come from epithelial tissue. Most glands develop as an infolding of epithelial tissue in the embryo |
| Two types of glands? | Exocrine & Endocrine glands |
| Exocrine glands | when the product travels through a duct system that opens onto a surface (into the external environment or a lumen space). |
| Endocrine gland | the product travels through the blood to its target. |
| example of exocrine gland? | sweat gland |
| example of endocrine gland? | thyroid gland: produces & secretes hormones. |
| Example of unicellular gland | Goblet cell |
| Goblet Cell | unicellular gland that secretes mucin |
| where are goblet cells found? | found sprinkled among the columnar epithelium cells of linings in respiratory & digestive tracts |
| What are three types of multicellular (exocrine) glands? | Holocrine gland, apocrine gland, merocrine gland |
| How are multicellular glands classified? | Classification is based on how the glandular cell secretes its product, i.e. whether the secretion is a product of the cell or consists of the entire or partial cell. |
| Holocrine Gland | sheds the entire cell as part of its product |
| How does the holocrine gland secrete its product? | mitotically active cells at the base of gland: daughter cells are pushed into the lumen. In the process, substances accumulate in cytoplasm & engorge the cells til they rupture & die. Gland sheds secretory product w cellular debris (secretions=thicker) |
| Apocrine Gland | sheds apical portion of the cell. Large portions of the cell's apical area are pinched off & sent out as product |
| example of Apocrine gland? | Mammary gland, secretes milk in female |
| example of holocrine gland? | sebaceous gland, secretes sebum. |
| Draw an exocrine gland | draw the flask shape. duct is the narrow opening & contains cuboidal cells. Acinus is wider bulge and has wider cells w nuclei. |
| Acinus | a sac of secretory cells at the inner end of a gland duct. |
| Merocrine gland | secretes product with no loss of cellular material. |
| how does merocrine gland produce secretion? | produces secretion by exocytosis. No cellular material is lost |
| four examples of merocrine glands? | sweat glands, tear glands, gastric glands & exocrine portion of pancreas. |
| Skin | the body's largest & heaviest organ, consists of all 4 tissue types. accounts for about 15% of the body weight (~10 lbs) Consists of two layers: a stratified squamous epithelium= epidermis & a deeper connective tissue layer = dermis |
| What are 4 functions of the skin? | 1)barrier 2)sensory 3)thermoregulation 4)vitamin D synthesis |
| what is skin a barrier to? | water, (keeps us from losing or absorbing too much) UV light, trauma & microbes |
| sensory function of skin? | Skin is the most extensive sense organ. detects heat, cold, pain, pressure, touch etc |
| example of thermoregulation in skin? | in response to chilling, body retains heat by constricting blood vessels of the dermis (vasoconstriction), keeping warm blood deeper in the body. overheating=loses excess heat by vasodilation, allowing blood to flow close to surface & lose heat thru skin |
| Vitamin D synthesis in skin? | skin carries out the first step in the synthesis of vitamin D (inactive form). liver & kidneys complete the process, making calcitriol = final product = active vitamin D |
| Final product of vitamin D synthesis? | Calcitriol = active vitamin D |
| 4 nerve endings in the skin? | Naked nerve ending, pacinian corpuscle, Meissner's corpuscle, Merkel's disc |
| naked nerve ending: what does it sense, where is it found? | senses heat, cold, pain, touch. Found all over skin. |
| draw a naked nerve ending | just looks like a little branch. anywhere in the skin |
| pacinian corpuscle: what does it sense and where is it found | senses pressure & vibration. found in lower dermis |
| Meissner's corpuscle: what does it sense and where is it found | senses touch & texture, found in dermal papillae |
| draw a pacinian corpuscle | looks like an onion: layering parenthesis w nerve fiber. draw it just over hypodermis/fat tissue, i.e. in lower dermis. |
| draw a Meissner's corpuscle | squiggly line surrounded w 2 parentheses, single nerve fiber. draw inside a dermal papilla |
| Merkel's disc: what does it sense and where is it found? | senses light touch. found in basal portion of epithelium. |
| draw a Merkel's disc | looks like a flower: four straight branching lines & a single nerve fiber. insert into the basal portion of epithelial cells/epidermis |
| draw a diagram of skin, include all four tissue types naked= anywhere pacinian = bottom Meissner's= in a dermal papilla Merkel's = inserted into epidermis. label epidermis, papillary dermis & reticular dermis. Hypodermis = adipose tissue | epi = strat squamous, hair, endothelium of blood vessel, sweat gland. Muscle = smooth muscle around blood vessel, arrector pili muscle. connect= pap dermis is areolar CT, reticular dermis = dense irregular CT, blood in vessel. nervous = 4 nerves |
| epidermis | superficial, thinner portion of skin. made of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, which resists abrasion & reduces water loss. Made of 5 layers & lacks blood vessels. Great majority of epidermal cells are keratinocytes: synthesize keratin |
| keratinocytes | synthesize keratin |
| keratin | waterproof protein |
| Dermis | deeper, thicker portion of skin. the connective tissue layer of skin, it provides structural strength. divided into two layers: papillary dermis & reticular dermis |
| what are the two layers of dermis? | Papillary layer & reticular layer |
| papillary layer | upper dermis, made of loose connective tissue i.e. areolar tissue. more cells, fewer fibers. consists of dermal papillae. |
| Dermal papillae | projections of dermis that extend toward epidermis. In thick skin, these form parallel ridges to shape the finger prints |
| Reticular layer | lower dermis, made of dense irregular connective tissue. less cells, more fibers. The deeper, thicker layer |
| two boundaries in skin that are indistinct? | boundary between papillary layer & reticular layer in dermis, also boundary between dermis & hypodermis |
| hypodermis | not considered skin. made of areolar tissue & adipose tissue. AKA subcutaneous tissue or subcutaneous fat b/c it is composed primarily of adipose cells. |
| Why is subcutaneous fat a good thing? | adipose tissue in hypodermis is good for energy storage (stores triglycerides) & thermal insulation |
| subcutaneous fat in women? | it is about 8% thicker in women |
| elderly & subcutaneous fat? | elderly lose this tissue layer quickly so they are more sensitive to cold. |
| what is contained in the dermis, and what is its function, in general | in general, there are nerve endings, blood vessels, glands, hair follicles with hair, lympatics. It supplies epidermis with nutrients, etc |
| "bone" | "Osteo" |
| Bone tissue | is classified as connective tissue. It is a living, dynamic, everchanging tissue. strong yet relatively light-weight. It is a tissue in which the matrix is hardened by the deposition of calcium phosphate & other minerals. |
| how long does it take skeleton to renew? | we have a new skeleton every 10 years |
| bone is dynamic tissue? | bone is constantly undergoing deposition (facilitated by osteoblasts) & resorption (facilitated by osteoclasts) |
| 6 reasons why bone tissue is important? | support, protection, movement, production of formed elements in the blood, energy storage, mineral homeostasis |
| how does bone tissue support? | holds up the body & supports muscles |
| examples of bone tissue protection? | cranium protects brain, ribs protect heart & lungs |
| how do our bones move? | skeletal muscle attaches to and moves the skeleton. |
| how is bone tissue important for production of formed elements in the blood? | it provides an area for hemopoiesis to take place. Red bone marrow is the major producer of formed elements in the blood |
| bone tissue as energy storage? | adipose tissue is contained in yellow marrow inside bone cavity. |
| what does mineral homeostasis mean in terms of bone tissue? | skeleton stores Calcium & minerals, and releases into tissue fluid & blood according to body's physiological needs |
| a muscle that causes a hair to stand on end is called an______ | arrector pili muscle |
| projections of the dermis toward the epidermis are called | dermal papillae |
| the holocrine glands that secrete into a hair follicle are called ____ | sebaceous glands |
| a hair is nourished by blood vessels in a connective tissue projection called the ____ | dermal papilla |
| -in | substance (keratin) |
| albo- | white (albino) |
| dermato- | skin (dermatology) |
| dia- | through (diaphragm) |
| homo- | same (homosexual) |
| lesio- | injure (lesion) |
| melano- | black (melanoma) |
| -oma | tumor (carcinoma) |
| pilo- | hair (arrector pili) |
Created by:
kalmetina
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