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Biology 3.1
module 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| anus | is a sphincter involved in the defecation reflex |
| appendix | a projection of the cecum at the entrance to the large intestine; may have a role in immune function in humans |
| cardiac sphincter | a ring of muscle located at the entrance to the stomach; keeps digested food (acid chime) in the stomach, preventing reflux during mechanical digestion in the stomach |
| duodenum | first part of the small intestine;for digestion and absorption of nutrients; makes enzymes, receives enzymes and bicarbonate (to neutralize acid) from the pancreas; receives bile from the liver via the gallbladder (emulsifies fats) |
| epiglottis | meets with the glottis during swallowing; covers the opening to the trachea and sends food into the esophagus |
| esophagus | (food tube) about 25 centimetres long; moves the food bolus to the stomach by a series of coordinated smooth muscle contractions (peristalsis) |
| gall bladder | stores bile for the emulsification of fats/lipids |
| large intestine (colon) | important for the absorption of water and production of vitamins |
| liver | produces bile that is stored in the gall bladder and emulsifies fat in the small intestine |
| mouth | responsible for the mechanical and chemical digestion of food. In the mouth food is mixed with saliva forming a food ball or bolus |
| pancreas | makes pancreatic juice that contains numerous digestive enzymes and bicarbonate ions that neutralize acid chime entering the small intestine |
| pharynx | (throat) a common passage for the food bolus to the esophagus and air to the trachea; swallowing is the process that occurs in the pharynx |
| pyloric sphincter | controls the amount of acid chyme that enters the duodenum by releasing small quantities at regular intervals |
| rectum | functions in the storage of feces and defecation |
| salivary glands | produce about a litre of saliva each day; saliva contains salivary amylase, which begins the hydrolysis of starch into maltose |
| small intestine (arguably the most important digestive organ | essential in the chemical digestion and absorption of nutrients; the site of action for pancreatic juice, intestinal juice, and bile; responsible for the absorption of nutrients into the blood and lymph (tissue fluid) for use in the body |
| stomach | a muscular organ that mechanically and chemically digests food; produces hydrochloric acid that lowers the pH in the stomach; low pH activates the pepsinogen enzyme, which as pepsin digests proteins into peptides |
| teeth | cut and crush food increasing surface area and mixing with saliva |
| tongue | involved in taste; moves, mixes, and positions food for chewing and swallowing |
| chemical digestion | the breakdown of food molecules into simpler components by digestive enzymes; each chemical reaction is catalyzed by a specific enzyme protein |
| digestive tract | a tube composed of all the organs that carry food and/or waste materials on the journey from the mouth to the anus |
| gastric juice | strong acidic liquid, pH 1 to 3 in humans, which is close to being colourless |
| hydrochloric acid (HCI) | a strong acid produced in the cells of the stomach; makes the stomach contents very acidic (pH=2); kills bacteria; activates the enzyme pepsinogen to form pepsin |
| hydroxide | A compound of a metal with the hydroxide ion OH− (as in many alkalis) or the group OH. |
| mucus | a substance secreted by mucous cells in the digestive tract; protects the lining of the digestive tract from its own digestive juices; particularly important for preventing ulcers from forming on the stomach lining |
| pepsin | a digestive protease (EC 3.4.23.1) released by the chief cells in the stomach that functions to degrade food proteins into peptides. |
| pepsinogen | is a protein found in gastric juices; activated by HCl to form pepsin, which catalyzes the chemical digestion of proteins into smaller peptides |
| peristalsis | The process of wave-like muscle contractions of the alimentary tract that moves food along |
| physical digestion | when you eat your food and then the chemicals break it down with enzymes and acid |
| salivary amylase | an enzyme that breaks starch down into sugar. Amylase is present in human saliva - catalyzes the hydrolysis of starch into simpler compounds |
| swallowing | Perform the muscular movement of the esophagus to cause or allow food or drink to pass down the throat |
| blood sugar | The amount of glucose in the blood. |
| insulin | A hormone produced in the pancreas by the islets of Langerhans that regulates the amount of glucose in the blood |
| lipase | A pancreatic enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of fats to fatty acids and glycerol or other alcohols. |
| nuclease | An enzyme that cleaves the chains of nucleotides in nucleic acids into smaller units. |
| pancreas | makes pancreatic juice that contains numerous digestive enzymes and bicarbonate ions that neutralize acid chime entering the small intestine |
| pancreatic amylase | an enzyme that catalyses the breakdown of starch into sugars. Amylase is present in human saliva, where it begins the chemical process of digestion |
| pancreatic juice | The clear alkaline digestive fluid secreted by the pancreas. |
| sodium bicarbonate | A soluble white powder, NaHCO3, used in fire extinguishers and effervescent drinks and as a leavening agent in baking. |
| trypsin | A digestive enzyme that breaks down proteins in the small intestine. It is secreted by the pancreas in an inactive form, trypsinogen. |
| bile | A bitter greenish-brown alkaline fluid that aids digestion and is secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. |
| emulsification | A fine dispersion of minute droplets of one liquid in another in which it is not soluble or miscible. |
| fats | A natural oily or greasy substance occurring in animal bodies, esp. when deposited as a layer under the skin or around certain organs. |
| blood capillaries | Capillaries are the smallest of a body's blood vessels and are part of the microcirculation. |
| intestinal juice | secretions by glands lining the walls of the intestines. |
| lacteal | small lymphatic vessels found in the villi of the small intestine; fatty acids and glycerol are packaged by epithelial cells and moved into the lacteals; lymphatic vessels transport them to the bloodstream |
| maltase | An enzyme, present in saliva and pancreatic juice, that catalyzes the breakdown of maltose and similar sugars to form glucose. |
| microvilli | numerous projections found the surface cells of the villus; create a large surface area for the absorption of nutrients and production of intestinal enzymes |
| nucleases | An enzyme that cleaves the chains of nucleotides in nucleic acids into smaller units. |
| peptidases | An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of peptides into amino acids. |
| small intestine | The part of the intestine that runs between the stomach and the large intestine; the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum collectively. |
| villus | one of the minute, wormlike processes on certain membranes, especially on the mucous membrane of the small intestine, where they serve in absorbing nutriment. |
| anaerobic bacteria | Anaerobic bacteria are bacteria that do not live or grow in the presence of oxygen. |
| feces | about 40% water; solid portion consists of bacteria, fibre, and other indigestible solids; oxidized iron and the products of bilirubin metabolism give feces its brown colour |
| large intestine | reabsorbs water and stores indigestible materials, such as plant fibre (cellulose) |
| hydrolytic enzyme (hydrolytic means to break with water by the process of hydrolysis) | enzymes that require the presence of water to break apart food molecules; during chemical digestion of food molecules, a molecule of water is added to facilitate the breaking of the chemical bond |
| lipase | A pancreatic enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of fats to fatty acids and glycerol or other alcohols. |
| maltase | An enzyme, present in saliva and pancreatic juice, that catalyzes the breakdown of maltose and similar sugars to form glucose. |
| nuclease | An enzyme that cleaves the chains of nucleotides in nucleic acids into smaller units. |
| nucleosidases | Purine nucleoside phosphorylase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the NP gene.. |
| pancreatic amylase | Amylase is an enzyme that breaks starch down into sugar. Amylase is present in human saliva, where it begins the chemical process of digestion |
| pepsin | a digestive protease (EC 3.4.23.1) released by the chief cells in the stomach that functions to degrade food proteins into peptides. |
| pepsinogen | is a protein found in gastric juices; activated by HCl to form pepsin, which catalyzes the chemical digestion of proteins into smaller peptides |
| peptidases | any enzyme that catalyzes the splitting of proteins into smaller peptide fractions and amino acids by a process known as proteolysis |
| pH | relative strength of an acid |
| product | A substance produced during a natural, chemical, or manufacturing process |
| salivary amylase | Amylase is an enzyme that breaks starch down into sugar. Amylase is present in human saliva, where it begins the chemical process of digestion. . |
| site of action | The place in the body where a drug exerts its effects. |
| site of production | where a a substance is produced |
| substrate | reactant(s) in a chemical reaction catalyzed by enzymes |
| trypsin | A digestive enzyme that breaks down proteins in the small intestine. It is secreted by the pancreas in an inactive form, trypsinogen. |
Created by:
marianastrenchluvr
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