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Biology Ch 4 and 5
Stack #104692
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| isotonic | having same amount solutes and water than the cell/organism |
| hypertonic | having more solutes and less water than the cell/organism |
| hypotonic | having fewer solutes and more water than the cell/organism |
| transport protein | act as gateways in and out of cell, allows food to go in and waste to come out |
| adhesion protein | allows cells of the same type to stick together |
| receptor protein | allow cells to communicate with one another |
| recognition protein | detects whether a cell is native or foreign |
| light microscopes | 2D image, magnification is 1000x, resolution is 1 um |
| transmission electron microscope | 2D black and white image, magnification is 100,000x, resolution 1 nm |
| scanning electron microscope | dramatic 3D image |
| prokaryotic cells | unicellular, simple in structure, contains a cytoplasm, DNA and a plasma membrane |
| eukaryotic cells | multicellular, intricate cytoskeleton with organelles |
| nucleus | keeps DNA and its transcription away from damage |
| ribosomes | site of protein synthesis |
| rough ER | modifies polypeptide chains and synthesizes lipids |
| smooth ER | makes lipids, degrades fats and inactivates toxins |
| Golgi bodies | modifies, sorts and sends proteins and lipids |
| lysosomes | digests and recycles materials |
| vacuoles | increases cell surface and stores metabolic wastes |
| centrioles | produce and organize microtubules |
| mitochondria | energy powerhouse |
| cytoskeletal elements | structurally supports and gives shape to the cell |
| mannosidosis | lack of normal enzyme, leads to buildup of mannose (an oligosaccharide) leads to abnormal shape of cells, symptoms: brow ridges, impaired cognition and language, skeletal problems |
| tay sachs | lack of enzyme that breaks down a fatty substance in the brain, leads to rapid deterioration of physical and mental functions, symptoms: blindness, seizures, mental retardation, death by 5 |
| alzheimers | tangles of protein fibers in the cell, symptoms: decline in memory, language skills, irritability and paranoia |
| dementia pugilistica | caused by cumulative effects of concussive blows to the head, symptoms: disorders of movement, slow or slurred speech |
| parkinson's disease | loss of nerve cells causing erratic communication b/t cells that control skeletal muscle movements, symptoms: trembling, poor balance, difficulty talking |
| ATP | chemical compound of adenosine bonded to three phosphate groups |
| phosphorylation | an enzyme mediated transfer of a phosphate group between molecules, ATP is produced |
| exergonic reactions | large molecules are broken down into smaller ones, release energy, ATP is produced |
| endergonic reactions | builds larger molecules from smaller ones, requires energy, ATP is used up |
| concentration gradient | the number of molecules or ions on one region is different than the number in another region |
| diffusion | the net movement of like molecules down a concentration gradient |
| factors on ability to diffuse | molecular size and charge, steepness and temperature |
| passive transport | a concentration gradient, electric gradient or both drive the diffusion of a substance across a membrane, through the interior of a transport protein |
| active transport | energy-driven protein motors help move a specific solute across the cell membrane against its concentration gradient |
| feedback inhibition | xcess end product of a pathway, it will bind to an enzyme earlier in the pathway sequence and it will shut down further synthesis |
| allosteric enzymes | have regulatory sites where control substances can bind to alter enzyme activity |
| enzyme inhibitors | are molecules that bind to enzymes and decrease their activity |
| allosteric binding site | can bind to a substrate |
| allosteric activator | regulation of an enzyme or protein by binding an effector molecule at the protein's allosteric site |
| allosteric inhibitor | binds to a site on the enzymes, where the substrate does not bind |
Created by:
katyb
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