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BioLecTest2
biology lecture test 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The Study of Bone? | Osteology |
| This system is composed of bones, cartilages, and ligaments. | Skeletal System |
| The forerunner of most bones | Cartilage |
| Holds bones together at the joints | ligaments |
| attach muscle to bone | tendons |
| What are the six functions of the skelton? | Support, Protection, Movement, Electrolyte balance, Acid-Base balance, and Blood formation |
| Connective tissue with the matrix hardened by calcium phosphate and other minerals. | Bone (Osseous tissue) |
| The hardening process of bone | Mineralization or Calcification |
| What do individual bones consist of? | bone tissue, bone marrow, cartilage, adipose tissue, nervous tissue, and fibrous connective tissue |
| Bones are permeated with ______ and _____, which attests to its sensitivity and metabolic activity. | Nerves and Blood Vessels |
| Protect soft organs. Curved but wide and thin. | Flat Bones |
| Longer than wide. Rigid levers acted upon by muscles. | Long Bones |
| Equal in length and width. Glide across one another in multiple directions | Short Bones |
| Elaborate shapes that do not fit into other categories. | Irregular Bones |
| Outer shell of Long bone | Compact (dense) bone |
| Cylinder of compact bone to provide leverage. | Diaphysis (Shaft) |
| space in the diaphysis of a long bone that contains bone marrow. | Medullary cavity (marrow cavity) |
| enlarged ends of a long bone | Epiphyses |
| covered by more durable compact bone | spongy (cancellous) bone |
| Skeleton is ___ compact and ___ spongy bone by weight | 3/4 and 1/4 |
| layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the joint surface where one bone meets another; allows joint to move more freely and relatively friction free. | Articular cartilage |
| minute holes in the bone surface that allows blood vessels to penetrate. | Nutrient foramina |
| external sheath that covers bone except where there is articular cartilage. | Periosteum |
| thin layer of reticular connective tissue lining marrow cavity. has cells that dissolve osseous tissue and others that deposit it. | Endosteum |
| area of hyaline cartilage that separates the marrow spaces of the spiphysis and diaphysis. | Epihpyseal plate (growth plate) |
| in adults, a bony scar that marks where growth plate used to be. | Epiphyseal line |
| other outer fibers that penetrate into the bone matrix | Perforating (Sharpey) fibers |
| spongy layer in the cranium. | Diploe |
| ____ is connective tissue that consists of cells, fibers, and ground substance. | Bone |
| What are the four principal types of bone cells. | Osteogenic cells; osteoblasts; osteoclasts; osteocytes. |
| Stem cells found in endosteum, periosteum, and in central canals. | Osteogenic cells (osteoprogenitor) |
| Bone-forming cells | Osteoblasts |
| Thought to be the structural protein of bone. | Osteocalcin |
| former osteoblasts that have become trapped in the matrix they have deposited. | Osteocytes |
| tiny cavities where osteocytes reside. | Lacunae |
| little channels that connect lacunae | Canaliculi |
| These reach into canaliculi. | Cytoplasmic processes |
| bone dissolving cells found on the bone surface | Osteoclasts |
| side facing bone surface | Ruffled border |
| pits on surface of bone where osteoclasts reside. | Resorption bays (Howship lacunae) |
| results from combined action of the bone-dissolving osteoclasts and the bone-depositing osteoblasts. | Remodeling |
| _____ is, by dry weight, about one-third organic and two-thirds inorganic matter. | Matrix of osseous tissue |
| synthesized by osteoblasts. | Organic matter |
| 85% - hydroxyapatite 10% - calcium carbonate 10% - Other minerals. | Inorganic matter |
| combination of two basic structural materials, a ceramic and a polymer. | Composite |
| soft bones due to deficiency of calcium salts | Rickets |
| excessively brittle bones due to lack of protein, collagen. | Osteogenesis imperfecta |
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