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Biology CH 5
Capturing and Releasing Energy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Organism that makes its own food using carbon from inorganic molecules such as CO2, and energy from the environment. | Autotroph |
| Main photosynthetic pigment in plants. | Chlorophyll a |
| Organism that obtains energy and carbon from organic compounds assembled by other organisms. | Heterotroph |
| Metabolic pathway by which most autotrophs capture light energy and use it to make sugars from CO2 and water. | Photosynthesis |
| An organic molecules that can absorb light of certain wavelengths. | Pigment |
| Distance between the crests of two successive waves of light. | Wavelength |
| Organelle of photosynthesis in plants and some protists. | Chloroplast |
| Cluster of pigments and proteins that converts light energy to chemical energy in photosyntheis. | Photosystem |
| Semifluid matrix between the thylkaoid membrane and the two outer membranes of a chloroplast. | Stroma |
| A chloroplast's highly folded inner membrane system; forms a continuous compartment in the stroma. | Thylakoid Membrane |
| Metabolic pathway in which electron flow through electron transfer chains sets up a hydrogen ion gradient that drives ATP formation. | Electron Transfer Phosphorylation |
| Metabolic pathway of photosynthesis that converts light energy to chemical energy of ATP and NADPH. | Light-dependent Reactions |
| Metabolic pathway of photosynthese that uses ATP and NADPH to assemble sugars from water and CO2. | Light-independent Reactions |
| Step one of the light dependent reactions of photosyntheis. | Light energy ejects electrons from a photosystem. |
| Step two of the light dependent reaction of photosynthesis. | The photosystem pulls replacement electrons from from water molecles, which break apart into oxygen and hydrogen ions. The oxygen leaves the cell as O2. |
| Step three of the light dependent reaction of photosyntheis. | The electrons enter an electron transfer chain in the thylakoid membrane. |
| Step four of the light dependent reaction of photosyntheis. | Energy lost by the electrons as they move through the transfer chain causes hydrogen ions to be pumped from the stoma into the thylakoid compartment. A hydrogen ion gradient forms across the thylakoid membrane. |
| Step five of the light dependent reaction of photosynthesis. | Light energy pops electrons out of another photosystem. Replacement electrons come from an electron transfer chain. |
| Step six of the light dependent reaction of photosynthesis. | The electrons move through a second electron transfer chain, then combine with NADP+ and H+, so NADPH forms. |
| Step seven of the light dependent reaction of photosynthesis. | Hydrogen ions in the thylakoid compartment are propelled through the interior of ATP synthasas by their gradient across the thylakoid membrane. Hydrogen ion flow causes ATP synthasas to attach phosphate to ADP, so ATP forms in the stroma. |
| Type of plant that uses only the Calvin-Benson cycle to fix carbon. | C3 Plant |
| Type of plant that minimizes photorespiration by fixing carbon twice, in two cell types. | C4 Plant |
| Light-independent reactions of photosynthesis; cyclic pathway that forms glucose from CO2. | Calvin-Benson Cycle |
| Type of C4 plant that conserves water by fixing carbon twice, at different types of day. | CAM Plant |
| Process by which carbon from an inorganic source such as carbon dioxide becomes incorporated into an organic molecule. | Carbon Fixation |
| Reaction in which rubisco attaches oxygen instead of carbon dioxide to ribulous bisphosphate. | Photorespiration |
| Ribulose biophosphate carboxylase. Carbon-fixing enzyme of the Calvin-Benson cycle. | Rubisco |
| Gaps that open between guard cells on plant surfaces. | Stomata |
| Involving or occuring in the presence of oxygen. | Aerobic |
| Aerobic pathway that breaks down carbohydrates to produce ATP. | Aerobic Respiration |
| Occuring in the absense of oxygen. | Anaerobic |
| Set of reactions in which glucose or another sugar is broken down to two pryuvate for a net yeild of two ATP. | Glycolysis |
| Photosynthetic autotroph. | Photoautotroph |
| Three-carbon end product of glycosis. | Pryuvate |
| What is the first stage of Aerobic Respiration? Where does it occur? | GLYCOLYSIS- The first stage, glycolysis, occurs in a cell's cytoplasm. Enzymes convert a glucose molecule to 2 pryuvate for a net yield of 2 ATP, 2 NAD+ combine with electrons and hydrogen ions during the reactions, so 2 NADH form. |
| What is the second stage of Aerobic Respiration? Where does it occur? | KREBS CYCLE- The second stage occurs in the mitochondria. The 2 pryuvate are converted to a molecule that enters the Kreb Cycle. CO2 forms and leaves the cell. 2 ATP, 8 NADH, and 2 FADH(2) form during the reactions. |
| What is the third stage of Aerobic Respiration? Where does it occur? | ELECTRON TRANSFER PHOSPHORYLATION- Occurs inside the mitochondria. 10 NADH & 2 FADH2 donate electrons & hydrogen ions to electron transfer chains. Electron flow thru the chains set up hydrogen ion gradients driving ATP formation & electrons are accepted. |
| Cyclic pathway that, along with acetyl-CoA formation, breaks down two pryuvate to carbon dioxide for a net yield of two ATP and many reduced coenzymes. | Krebs Cycle |
| Anaerobic carbohydrate breakdown pathway that produces ATP and ethanol. | Alcoholic Fermentation |
| An anaerobic pathway by which cells harvest energy from carbohydrates. | Fermentation |
| Anaerobic carbohydrate breakdown pathway that produces ATP and lactate. | Lactate Fermentation |
Created by:
SSalvage139
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