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Bio Lecture Mid-Term
Bio lecture mid term
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the most basic unit of life? | A cell. Cells are both structures of plants and animals. |
| What is the study of life, providing scientific explanations for phenomena such as birth, growing, aging, etc.? | Biology. |
| What is the scientific method, what are the steps? | The scientific method is a way to ask and answer scientific questions by making observations and doing experiments. Ask a Question Do Background Research Construct a Hypothesis Test Your Hypothesis by Doing an Experiment Analyze Your Data and Draw a |
| How can you tell an experiment has a good design? | An experiment should have discrimination (discriminate clearly between different hypotheses), replication and generality (trying exp. multiple times and being careful of generalizing results), controls, "blind" designs, and measurement |
| The limitations of science (more than just one this time) | Science cannot answer or prove questions on value, morals, and the supernatural. |
| What is scientism? | an exaggerated trust in the efficacy of the methods of natural science applied to all areas of investigation (as in philosophy, the social sciences, and the humanities). scientism claims that science alone can render truth about the world and reality. |
| What is technology? | a capability given by the practical application of knowledge. |
| What is bioethics and what are some examples of issues that are discussed in bioethics? | a discipline dealing with the ethical implications of biological research and applications especially in medicine. Transplant rationing, biomedical research, human cloning, etc. |
| What is a placebo? | A harmless pill, medicine, or procedure prescribed more for the psychological benefit to the patient than for any physiological effect. A substance that has no therapeutic effect, used as a control in testing new drugs. |
| What is a “blind experiment” and why is it beneficial to use this feature in experimental design? | The subjects do not know what they are being given are what they are being exposed to but the researchers know. This is important to use because then the subjects do not have bias towards what is being tested. |
| What is a hypothesis? | A proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation. |
| What is “junk science/pseudo science”? | It is faulty scientific data and analysis used to advance special interests and hidden agendas |
| t=The stories behind Jenner, Tuskegee Syphilis Study, and the Nazi human research experiments. Also know the documents created to address heinous human research violations. | |
| Know about vulnerable research populations Be able to answer how to differentiate good research from poorly executed “junk” research? | Because research may pose additional and/or unknown risks to pregnant women, human fetuses and neonates, the regulations require additional safeguards in research. |
| What are atoms? | Atoms are a basic unit of matter that consists of a dense central nucleus surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons. |
| What are the 4 biologically important molecules—know facts about them (probably a matching or TorF section)? | 1Proteins-made from 20 kinds of amino acids which interact within the proteins structure to form specific shape 2Carbs-fuel to make ATP, allow chemical reactions 3Lipids-store energy, protect cells&organs 4Nucleic Acids-store info, blueprints for prote |
| Which type of diabetes is the most common—AND—what influence does this disorder have on glucose levels in the body? | Type 2-body doesn't produce enough insulin or cells ignore insulin. When your body detects high glucose levels it signals the body to produce insulin to combat the high sugar level, when your body doesn't make insulin, glucose levels rise way above normal |
| How do manufacturers make “trans-fat”? | Trans fatty acids are formed when manufacturers turn liquid oils into solid fats. Manufacturers create trans fats via a process called hydrogenation which is a process by which vegetable oils are converted to solid fats simply by adding hydrogen atoms. |
| Name two functions of proteins and give an example of how they perform this function. | Proteins make up all visible characteristics of organisms (hair, skin, fur, scales, feathers) 2. Muscles and bones are made of protein 3. Proteins are used to create enzymes which regulate and do work |
| Explain the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. | Prokaryotic cells are to small to discern with the eye, essentially invisible, composed of single-cells ex. bacteria, blue green algae. Eucaryotic cells are visible to us; it is all living things we see around us ex. nature, people. |
| Know the cell organelles listed on the Inside the Cell powerpoint. | |
| What biologically important molecule is responsible for the transport of substances inside and outside of the cell’s phospholipid-bilayer? | |
| Nucleotide, allele, gene | Nucleotides consist of: 1)ribose sugar 2)phosphate group 3)nitrogen base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thiamine. Allele-homo or hetero Gene-recipe for protein, segment of DNA that determines particular trait |
| Homozygous, heterozygous, phenotype | Homozygous-same (TT,tt) Heterozygus-different (Tt) Phenotype- physical expression of a trait (what you can see with your eyes) |
| Genotype, mitosis, meiosis | Genotype-the kinds of genes an individual carries (Gg, gg, Rr, rr) Mitosis-cell grows and is repaired Meiosis-sex cells (takes place in egg or sperm) |
| Genetic disorder, karyotype, genome | Genetic disorder-problem in genes DNA, chromosomes, or protein Karyotype-sex chromosome is missing Genome-entirety of an organism's hereditary information |
| Why is DNA sometimes in the form of a double helix and sometimes in the form of a chromosome | The double helix is how DNA shows itself in most living things. A chromosome is an organized structure of DNA and protein (Chromatin) that is found in cells. |
| What is the purpose of DNA replication vs. the purpose of transcription and translation | The purpose of DNA replication is to ensure continuity of hereditary traits. Transcription (in nucleus) and Translation (in ribosomes) make proteins to use in cellular respiration. |
| How many genes do humans have? | Between 25-30,000 genes |
| What plant did Gregor Mendel use to study heredity | Pea plants |
| Types of genetic mutations and the consequences of genetic mutations | |
| Mitosis | (cellular reproduction) occurs for the purpose of organism growth and replacement of old, worn-out cells |
| Meiosis | concerned with sexual reproduction and the making of gametes (sperm and egg) which have ½ of a genome, so when they combine during fertilization, you get a full genome. |
| Humans have 46 chromosomes (23 homologous pairs Where does meiosis occur in humans (male?female?)? | Female-egg Male-sperm |
| genetic disorders that are recessively vs. dominantly inherited | Dominate-the mutated gene occurs on an autosome & the person only needs one copy of it. Children have a 50% chance of inheriting the disorder Recessive- the mutated gene occurs on an autosome but person needs two copies of the gene, one from each parent |
| example of a chromosomal disorder | Down syndrome, Turners syndrome |
| Example of single gene disorder | Single cell anemia, cystic fibrosis |
| Example of multifactoral-genetic disorder | Alzheimer's, breast cancer |
| Protein | a bunch of amino acids made during the process of transcription and translation |
| What are a few examples of protein function | They serve as enzymatic catalysts, are used as transport molecules and storage molecules; used in movement; needed for mechanical support; mediate cell responses; antibody proteins are needed for immune protection; control of growth & cell differentiation |
| What are antigens, antibodies and what they have to do with blood-type? | Type A (AA, AO) Antogens: A Antibodies: B Type B (BB, BO) Antogens: B Antibodies: A Type AB Antogens: AB Antibodies: none Type O (OO) Antogens: O Antibodies: A, B |
| Be familiar with the things we discussed concerning bioethics | |
| What are elements? | An element is a substance that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by chemical means, and is made up of atoms all with identical number of protons. |
Created by:
gardnerlinds
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