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CellStruct./Form
Biology Chapter 7 Cell Structure and Function
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| About ___ trillion cells make up the human body. | Ten |
| There are roughly ___ different types of cells that compose the human body. | Two-Hundred |
| The orderly structure of cells in an organism | Organization |
| The invention of the ___ led to the discovery of cells | Microscope |
| ___ used a basic light microscope to see what looked like empty chambers in a cork sample | Robert Hooke |
| Basic structural and functional unit of living organisms | Cell |
| One of the fundamental ideas of modern biology and contains three principles | Cell Theory |
| Father and son team which invented the first compound microscope | Hans and Zacharias Janssen |
| Discovered single-celled animal-like organisms now called protozoans in the 1600's | Anton van Leeuwenhoek |
| Proposed the idea that some organelles found in eukaryotes were once free-living prokaryotes | Lynn Margulis |
| Type of electron microscope that allows scientists to see individual atoms | Scanning tunneling microscope |
| Ability of the microscope to make individual components visible | Resolution |
| Proposed the idea that some organelles within eukaryotes were once free-living prokaryotes | Lynn Margulis |
| The ___ allows scientists to see individual atoms | Scanning Tunneling Microscope |
| Consists of a series of glass lenses and uses visible light to produce a magnified image | Compound Microscope |
| Developed during World War II, uses magnets to concentrate a beam of electrons through a thinly sliced specimen | Electron microscope |
| Special boundary that helps control what enters and exits the cell | Plasma membrane |
| Cells without a defined nucleus or membrane-bound organelles | Prokaryotic |
| Cells with a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles | Eukaryotic |
| Specialized structures that carry out specific cell functions | Organelles |
| Distinct central organelle that contains the cell's genetic material | Nucleus |
| Most ___ organisms, like bacteria, are prokaryotes | Unicellular |
| The plasma membrane helps to maintain a cell's ___ | Homeostasis |
| Key property of the plasma membrane | Selective permeability |
| An atom or group of atoms with a positive or negative charge due to loss/gain of electrons | Ions |
| Which subatomic particle determines the overall characteristics of an element? | Proton |
| Having an unequal distribution of charge | Polar |
| The plasma membrane is composed of a ___, in which two layers of phospholipids are arranged tail-to-tail | Phospholipid bilayer |
| The polar head of a phospholipid is ___ to/by water | Attracted |
| The nonpolar tail of a phospholipid is ___ to/by water | Repelled |
| ___ are needed to move substances or waste materials through the plasma membrane and therefore contribute to the semipermeability of the membrane itself | Transport proteins |
| Helps to prevent the fatty-acid tails of the bilayer from sticking together, which contributes to the fluidity of the plasma membrane | Cholesterol |
| The bilayer creates a "sea" in which other molecules can float | Fluid mosaic model |
| A protein that speeds up the rate of chemical reaction | Enzyme |
| ___ allow eukaryotic cells to specialize | Organelles |
| Semifluid environment inside the cell | Cytoplasm |
| Supporting network of long, thin protein fibers that form a framework for the cell and anchoring system for intracellular materials | Cytoskeleton |
| Long, hollow protein cylinders that form a rigid skeleton for the cell and assist in moving substances within | Microtubules |
| Thin protein threads that help give the cell shape and enable the entire cell or parts of the cell to move | Microfilaments |
| Each organelle has a unique structure and ___ | Function |
| Directs the cell processes, stores genetic information, etc | Nucleus |
| Found within the nucleus and is in charge of producing ribosomes | Nucleolus |
| Organelles that help manufacture proteins | Ribosomes |
| Free-floating ribosomes produce proteins for use ___ the cell | Inside |
| Attached ribosomes produce proteins for use ___ the cell | Outside |
| Complex DNA attached to protein which is spread throughout the nucleus until division, in which case it's organized into chromosomes | Chromatin |
| Membrane system of folded sacs and interconnected channels that serve as the site for protein and lipid production | Endoplasmic reticulum |
| Produces lipids | Smooth ER |
| Produces proteins with the help of attached ribosomes | Rough ER |
| Smooth ER in ___ cells help to detoxify harmful substances such as medications and alcohols | Liver |
| Flattened stack of membranes that modifies, sorts and packages proteins into vesicles | Golgi apparatus |
| Sac used to store food, enzymes and other materials needed by the cell; very common in plants | Vacuole |
| ___ cells do not often contain vacuoles or, if they do, they are very small | Animal |
| Vesicles that contain substances that digest excess or worn-out organelles and food particles | Lysosomes |
| Organelles located in the cytoplasm of animal cells and most protists and usually are near the nucleus; play a role in cell division | Centrioles |
| Organelle which converts fuel particles into usable energy | Mitochondria |
| The energy produced in the mitochondria is a result of the breakage of molecular ___ | Bonds |
| The folded ___ of the mitochondria provides a large surface area for the chemical reactions that release energy | Inner membrane |
| Organelles that capture light energy and convert it to chemical energy through a process called photosynthesis | Chloroplasts |
| Small, disk-shaped compartments within the chloroplast where pigment is stored | Thylakoids |
| ___ gives leaves and stems of most plants their green color | Chlorophyll |
| ___ contain red, orange or yellow pigments that trap light energy and give color to plant structures such as flowers or leaves | Chromoplasts |
| Thick, rigid, mesh of fibers that surrounds the outside of the plasma membrane; protecting the cell and giving it additional support | Cell wall |
| Plant cell walls are made of a carbohydrate called ___ | Cellulose |
| Short, numerous projections that look like hairs | Cilia |
| Longer and less numerous than cilia, move with a whiplike motion | Flagella |
| Cilia are also found on ___ cells, which does no allow for cellular movement but does allow for movement of materials across the cell surface (i.e. mucous) | Stationary |
| Regulation of the internal environment of a cell or organism to maintain conditions suitable for life | Homeostasis |
| Movement of particles from an area where there are many particles to an area where there are fewer | Diffusion |
| ___ moves substances within the cell and move substances into and out of the cell | Cellular transport |
| The amount of component in a given area or volume | Concentration |
| Condition in which there is continuous movement but no overall change | Dynamic equilibrium |
| Form of transport that uses proteins to move other ions and small molecules across the plasma membrane | Facilitated diffusion |
| Movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane | Osmosis |
| When a cell is in a solution that has the same concentration of water and solutes as its cytoplasm, the cell is said to be in an ___ solution | Isotonic |
| Type of solution that may cause a cell to swell and eventually burst | Hypotonic solution |
| When a cell is placed in a ___ solution, the concentration of the solute outside the cell is higher than inside the cell | Hypertonic solution |
| The movement of substances across the plasma membrane against a concentration gradient; requires energy | Active transport |
| Active transport occurs with the aid of carrier proteins, often called ___ | Pumps |
| Protein pump found in animal cells that is an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of an energy-storing molecule. | Sodium-Potassium pump |
| Process by which a cell surrounds a substance in the outside environment, enclosing it in a portion of the membrane and bringing the substance within | Endocytosis |
| Process by which a cell secrets materials at the cell membrane | Exocytosis |
| Process by which hormones and other cell products are secreted | Exocytosis |
| Process by which an amoeba (unicellular organism found in aquatic environments) eats | Endocytosis |
| Without the invention of the electron microscope, magnification of objects would be limited to ___x | 1000 |
| Scientist who coined the term "cell" | Robert Hooke |
| Without the ___, liver cells would be unable to detoxify substances brought into the body | Smooth ER |
| This protein within the RBCs of someone with Sickle Cell disease is abnormally formed | Hemoglobin |
| Sickle cell disease is a ___, which means that a person with the disease must have received an allele for the disease from each parent | Recessive genetic disorder |
| What channel protein is affected by Cystic Fibrosis? | Chlorine |
| The insertion of genes into an individual's cells or tissues to treat a disease | Gene therapy |
| Cells with the ability to mature into a variety of specialized cells and renew themselves repeatedly through mitotic division | Stem cells |
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