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Biology Stuide Guide
Unit One and Unit Two
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Atom | Basic unit of matter. |
| Compound | a substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions. |
| Isotope | Atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons they contain. |
| Element | A pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom. |
| Electron | Negatively charged particle. (-) |
| Ionic Bond | Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another. |
| Ion | Postitvely and negatively charged atoms. |
| Van der Walls Forces | A slight attraction that develops between the oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules. |
| Covalent Bond | bond formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms. |
| Cohesion | Attraction between molecules of the same substance. |
| Adhesion | attraction between molecules of different substances; in plants, attraction between unlike molecules. |
| Mixture | material composed of two or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed together but not chemically combined. |
| Solution | mixture of two or more substances in which the molecules of the substances are evenly distributed. |
| Solute | substance that is dissolved in a solvent to make a solution. |
| Solvent | substance in which a solute is dissolved to form a solution. |
| Suspension | mixture of water and nondissolved materials. |
| pH Scale | measurement system used to indicate the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in solution; ranges from 0 to 14. |
| Acid | compound that forms hydrogen ions (H+) in solution. |
| Base | compound that produces hydroxide ions (OH+) in solution. |
| Buffer | weak acid or base that can react with strong acids or bases to help prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH. |
| Monomer | small unit that can join together with other small units to form polymers. |
| Polymer | large compound formed from combinations of many monomers. |
| Carbohydrate | compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms; major source of energy for the human body. |
| Monosaccharide | single sugar molecule. |
| Polysaccharide | large macromolecule formed from monosaccharides. |
| Lipid | macromolecule made mainly from carbon and hydrogen atoms; includes fats, oils, and waxes. |
| Nucleic Acid | macromolecule containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus. |
| Nucleotide | monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. |
| RNA (ribonucleic acid) | single-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose. |
| DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) | nucleic acid that contains the sugar deoxyribose. |
| Protein | macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; needed by the body for growth and repair and to make up enzymes. |
| Amino Acid | compound with an amino group (−NH2) on one end and a carboxyl group (−COOH) on the other end. |
| Chemical Reaction | process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals. |
| Reactant | element or compound that enters into a chemical reaction. |
| Product | element or compound produced by a chemical reaction. |
| Activation Energy | energy needed to get a reaction started. |
| Catalyst | substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction. |
| Enzyme | protein that acts as a biological catalyst. |
| Substrate | reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. |
| Cell Membrane | thin, flexible barrier around a cell; regulates what enters and leaves the cell. |
| Cell Wall | strong supporting layer around the cell membrane in plants, algae, and some bacteria. |
| lipid bilayer | double-layered sheet that forms the core of nearly all cell membranes. |
| concentration | the mass of solute in a given volume of solution, or mass/volume. |
| diffusion | process by which molecules tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated. |
| Osmosis | diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane. |
| Isotonic | when the concentration of two solutions is the same. |
| Hypertonic | when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes. |
| Hypotonic | when comparing two solutions, the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes. |
| Facilitated Diffusion | movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels. |
| Active Transport | energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference. |
| Endocytosis | process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane. |
| Exocytosis | process by which a cell releases large amounts of material. |
| Phagocytosis | process in which extensions of cytoplasm surround and engulf large particles and take them into the cell. |
| Pinocytosis | process by which a cell takes in liquid from the surrounding environment. |
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racegirl97
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