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Midterm
vocabulary for midterm test
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Atom | the basic unit of matter |
| Atomic Nucleus | Unstable nucleus. |
| Electron | Negatively charged particle with 1/1840 the mass of a proton |
| Proton | Positive Charged particels |
| Neutron | No charge |
| Atomic Number | the number of positive charges or protons in the nucleus of an atom of a given element |
| Element | a pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom. |
| Isotope | Atoms of te same element that differ in the number of neutrons they contain. |
| Compound | A substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions. |
| Ionic Bond | Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another. |
| Ions | an electrically charged atom or group of atoms formed by the loss or gain of one or more electrons. |
| Covalent Bond | Forms when electrons are shared between atoms. |
| Valence Electron | an electron of an atom, located in the outermost shell |
| Molecule | The smallest unit of most compounds. |
| van der Waals forces | Chemist called intermolecular forces of attraction. |
| Polar Molecule | A molecule in which the charges are unevenly distributed. |
| Hydrogen Bond | A type of chemical bond in which a hydrogen atom that has a covalent link with one of the electronegative atoms |
| Cohesion | An attraction between molecules of the same substance. |
| Adhesion | An attraction between molecules of different substances. |
| Mixture | A material composed of two more elements or compounds that are physically mixed together but not chemicaly combined. |
| Solution | a homogeneous, molecular mixture of two or more substances. |
| Solute | Substance being dissolved. |
| Solvent | Substance doing the dissolving. |
| Suspension | the state in which the particles of a substance are mixed with a fluid but are undissolved. |
| pH scale | provides a measure on a scale from 0 to 14 of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution |
| Acid | a compound usually having a sour taste and capable of neutralizing alkalis and reddening blue litmus paper (0-6) |
| Base | a compound with a bitter taste (8-14) |
| Buffer | Weak acids or bases tat can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sarp, sudden changes in pH. |
| Monomer | Smaller units that form polymers. |
| Polymer | Formed by monomers. |
| carbohydrate | Compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, usually in a ratio of 1:2:1. |
| monosaccharide | Single sugar molecules |
| Polysaccharide | The large macrmolecules formed from monosaccharides. |
| Lipids | made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms. Categorizes fats, oils, and waxes. |
| Saturated Fatty Acid | Each carbon atom in a lipid's fatty acid chains is joined to another carbon atom by a single bond. |
| Unsaturated Fatty Acid | There is least one carbon-carbon double bond in a fatty acid. |
| Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid | Lipids whose fatty acids contain more than on double bond. |
| Nucleic Acid | polymers assembled from individual monomers know nucleotides. |
| Nucleotide | Consist of three parts: a 5-caron sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. |
| DNA | Contains the sugar deoxyribose. |
| RNA | Contains the sugar ribose. |
| Proteins | polymers of molecules called amino acids. |
| Amino Acids | Compounds with an amino group(-NH2) on one end and a carboxyl group(-COOH) on the other end. |
| Chemical Reaction | A process that changes, or transforms, one st of chemicals into another. |
| Reactant | The elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction. |
| Product | The elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction. |
| Activation Energy | Energy that is needed to get a reaction started. |
| Catalyst | A subsance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction. |
| Enzyme | Prpteins that act as bioligical catalyst and speeds up chemical reaction that take place in cells. |
| Substrate | The reactants of enzyme-catalyzed reactions. |
| Active Site | part of an enzyme molecule at which catalysis of the substrate occurs. |
| Denature | to change (a protein) by chemical or physical means |
| Enzyme specificity | specific enzyme. |
| Endothermic (endergonic) | noting or pertaining to a chemical change that is accompanied by an absorption of heat |
| Exothermic (exergonic) | noting or pertaining to a chemical change that is accompanied by a liberation of heat |
| dissociation | the state of being dissociated |
| hydroxide ion | the anion OH having one oxygen and one hydrogen atom |
| hydrogen ion | ionized hydrogen of the form H + |
| Cell Membrane | the semipermeable membrane enclosing the cytoplasm of a cell. |
| Cell Wall | the definite boundary or wall that is part of the outer structure of certain cells, as a plant cell. |
| Lipid Bilayer | the basic structure of a cell membrane consisting of a double layer of phospholipid molecules |
| Concentration | The amount of a particular substance in a given amount of another substance, especially a solution or mixture. |
| Diffusion | the movement of atoms or molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. |
| Equilibrium | the condition existing when a chemical reaction and its reverse reaction proceed at equal rates. |
| Osmosis | the tendency of a fluid, usually water, to pass through a semipermeable membrane into a solution where the solvent concentration is higher |
| Isotonic | noting or pertaining to solutions characterized by equal osmotic pressure |
| Hypertonic | noting a solution of higher osmotic pressure than another solution with which it is compared |
| Hypotonic | noting a solution of lower osmotic pressure than another solution with which it is compared |
| Facilitated Diffusion | process by which substances are transported across cell membranes |
| Active Transport | the movement of ions or molecules across a cellular membrane from a lower to a higher concentration |
| Passive Transport | transport of a substance across a cell membrane by diffusion |
| Concentration Gradient | the gradual difference in concentration of a dissolved substance in a solution between a region of high density and one of lower density. |
| Endocytosis | the transport of solid matter or liquid into a cell by means of a coated vacuole or vesicle |
| Exocytosis | the transport of material out of a cell by means of a sac or vesicle that first engulfs the material and then is extruded through an opening in the cell membrane |
| Phagocytosis | the ingestion of a smaller cell or cell fragment |
| Pinocytosis | the transport of fluid into a cell by means of local infoldings by the cell membrane so that a tiny vesicle or sac forms around each droplet |
| Selectively Permeable | semi-permeable |
Created by:
blahob04
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