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bio test 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Facilitated diffusion | the movement of a substance from an area of higher concentration through a semipermeable membrane without the use of energy but needing the assistance of a carrier molecule. |
| Active transport | the movement of a substance from an area of lower concentration through a semipermeable membrane to an area of higher concentration with the use of energy |
| Icotonic solution | normal RBC shape |
| Hypotonic solution | RBC undergoes hemolysis |
| Hypertonic solution | RBC undergoes crenation |
| Centrifuge | machine that spins the blood at a high speed and separates the contained materials of different specific gravities. |
| Order of elements after centrifuge | bootom,formed elements(red blood cells, next, platelets, buffy coat, white blood cells, plasma |
| Hematocrit | the percentage of formed elements(red blood cells) on a blood analysis. |
| Blood percentages | plasma 55%, formed elements |
| Water | 90% of plasma makeup. |
| Plasma protiens | 8% |
| Other materials | 2 percent |
| Globulins | carry materials through the blood and help with immunity. |
| Albumin | helps regulate the osmotic pressure of the blood, most abundant of plasma proteins. |
| Fibrinogen | helps with blood clotting. |
| Baro/ osmorecptors | specialized nerve endings sensitive to pressure. |
| Chemoreceptors | specialized nerve endings sensitive to chemicals. |
| Red bone marrow | most active site of blood production, located in long bones at the epiphysis of the bones. |
| Diaphysis | the shaft of the bone ( not much blood production) |
| Flat bones | also carry out much erthyropoiesis |
| Erythropoietin | a substance produced in the kidneys when the blood oxygen is low it stimulates the release of EPO, stimulates the production of red blood cells. |
| RBC’S | first forming:neuclous, adult:no neuclous |
| Bile | parts of RBC’S, get broken down |
| Hemoglobin | goes to bone marrow and gets reused. |
| Formed elements according to size | Leukocytes: largest, erythrocytes :slightly smaller than WBC’S, thrombocytes: smallest |
| Formed elements according to total amount in blood | erythrocytes:99%of blood, thrombocytes: second most abundant, leukocytes: are least abundant, thrombocytes and leukocytes only make up one percent. |
| Oxyhemoglobin | has oxygen molecule attached. |
| Deoxyhemoglobin | no oxygen molecule. |
| Carbaminohemoglobin | co2 molecule attached. |
| Carbaminohemoglobin | 65% of the way blood is transported. |
| Anemia | shortage of oxygen, can be caused by damage to bone marrow, lack of certain nutrients, some heredity disorders, symptoms: shortness of breath, fatigue, heart beating faster. |
| Begins in the bone marrow with the mother red cells undergoing a maturation process, then they are released into th blood stream, lifespan is 120 days and then they are stored predominantly in the spleen | life of RBCS |
| Granulocytes and agranuloctyes | two major categories of leukocytes. |
| Granulocytes | have granules in the cytoplasm and absorb different types of stains. |
| Eosinophils | if granulocyte absorbs an acid stain. |
| Basophils | if granulocyte absorbs a basic or alkaline stain. |
| Neutrophils | if granulocyte absorbs neither an acid or alkaline stain, most abundant. |
| Granulocytes | irregular lobed nuclei, contain enzymes involved in detoxification of foreign substances, blood clotting, and various immune responses. |
| Immature leukocytes | the presence of these can indicate a major infection, blood parasites, or a disease such as leukemia. |
| Eosinophils | are often present in large numbers in the presence of parasitic infection, function in allergic reactions and kill parasites. |
| Agranulocytes | leukocytes without granules. |
| Monocytes, lymphocytes | Two types of agranulocytes, monocytes usually larger than lymphocytes. |
| Neutrophils 60/70%, lymphocytes 20/25%, monocytes 3/8%, eosinophils 1/3%, basophils ½ to 1% | leukocytes total (never let monkeys eat bannanas) |
| Phagocytosis | cell eating, no value to cell. |
| Pinocytosis | cell drinking, valuable to cell. |
| Phagocytes | nick name for cells the perform phagocytosis. |
| Neutrophils, monocytes | two main types of leukocytes that perform phagocytosis. |
| Hydrophobic plasma | another name for cell membrane. |
| Erythrocytes 120 days, leukocytes a few hours to a lifetime, thrombocytes 6 to 8 days | life span of blood cells. |
| Ketosis, acidosis | when ketone is produced it becomes acidic and is called. |
| Haploid or minopoloid | when the chromosomes are not paired together and they are single, letter N is used. |
| 23 chromosomes | how many autosomes are in the human body. |
| Karyotyping | knowing where genes are located. |
| 22 autosomes, x | female ovum, number of autosomes and letter. |
| 22 autosomes, x or y | male sperm, number of autosomes and letter. |
| 22 pairs, 44 autosomes. | 22 pairs, 44 autosomes |
| Spermatogenesis | male meiosis is known as. |
| Oogenesis | female meiosis is known as. |
| AB blood type | universal recipient |
| O blood type | universal donor |
| Antigen | substance that stimulates the reaction of an antibody |
| Antibody | will actually destroy and antibody |
| Agglutinogens | RBC name for antigens, found on the RBC |
| Agglutinin | antibodies associated with the WBC, found in plasma of the blood |
| Rh+ | has agglutinogens, never had agglutinin (never will) |
| RhoGam | is given to prevent erythroblastosis fetalis. Is it is given with each pregnancy of a negative mom unless the dad is also negative. |
| Agglutinogen | what does the blood type tell you. |
| Type O blood | neither A or B agglutinogen |
| Type AB blood | have both A and B agglutinogen |
| Type B blood | have B agglutinogen |
| Type A blood | have A agglutinogen. |
| *You cannot have both of the same agglutinogens and agglutinins or they will react with one another. | |
| Rh factor | is named after the Rhesis monkey where the factor for positive and negative was first recognized. |
| Ways a Rh+ person to be exposed to a Rh negative antigen | through a blood transfusion and during pregnancy. |
| • DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid |
| • Genes | the basic genetic component that controls the cell activity |
| • Nucleotide | consists of a sugar and phosphoric acid |
| • Nitrogen bases | are held together by a weak hydrogen bond |
| • Duplication | the entire new structure is not part of the old just a duplicate of it. |
| • Replication | half of the newly formed DNA molecule is from the original molecule and the other half is a new half. |
| • Four nitrogen bases of DNA | Adenine, Thymine, guanine, cytosine. |
| • RNA | has no thymine, thymine is replaced by uracil, it also has an extra oxygen molecule in its make up. |
| • Protein synthesis | only the genetic portion of the DNA molecule temporarly splits so RNA can use the half strand as a template to forming the first type of RNA mentioned that is RNA. |
| • Transcription | is the matching up of the active of sense side of DNA with m RNA. |
| • Messenger RNA | carries the genetic information from the nucleus through the nuclear membrane to the cytoplasm specifically the ribosome in the cytoplasm. |
| • Ribosomal RNA | properly position m RNA at the ribosome site and assists with chemical bonding at ribosomal site. |
| • Transfer DNA | is always found in a makeup containing three nitrogen bases, each 3 nitrogen bases are programed to one and only one amino acid. |
| • Translation | is the complementary matching of m RNA and RNA. |
| • Condon | part of the m RNA molecule, consists of 3 nitrogen bases and matches with an anticodon. |
| • Anticodon | is part of the tRNA molecule and combines with an amino acid in the cytoplasm and carries it to the ribosome site. |
| Macrophage | become specialized to fight infection |
| Endocytosis | the taking in of a large pathogen that will not pass through the membrane, a specialized change in the membrane makeup. |
| Phagocytosis | taking something in and breaking it down, particle is solid and of no value to the cell, nick name cell eating. |
| Pinocytosis | taking in a liquid, of some value to the cell, nick name cell drinker. |
| Exocytosis | the expelling of particles from the cell. |
| Lysomes | located inside the cell, destroys the pathogen when it’s surrounded. |
| Interneuron, relay neuron, local circuit neuron | inside the central nervous system, connects one neuron to another. |
| Sensory | toward CNS |
| Motor | away from CNS |
| White matter | myelinated axons |
| Gray matter | unmyelinated axons, cell bodies, dendrites |
| Electrochemical basis | how the nervous system functions |
| Neurotransmitter | the chemical part of electrochemical basis |
| Polarized neuron | neuron not conducting impulse, positive exterior, negative interior. |
| Depolarized neuron | positive interior, negative exterior. |
| Saltatory transmission | occurs only if there is a myelin sheath, the jumping from one node of ranveir to the next. |
| Presynaptic neuron | does the sending of the impulse. |
| Postsynaptic neuron | receives the impulse |
| Synaptic gap, synaptic cleft, neural junction | all are names for the space between the pre and postsynaptic neuron. |
| Synaptic vesicle | like a bubble in the end of the axon, when it bursts it releases a chemical which eventually fits into the receptor sites and opens the gate; they are filled with neurotransmitter substance, usually from an axon to a dendrite. |
| Axosomatic synapse | from axon to cell body |
| Axodendric synapse | from axon to dendrite |
| Acetylcholinesterase | in the synaptic gap, neutralizes the chemical in the synaptic gap and closes the gate. |
| Central nervous system | brain and spinal cord |
| Peripheral nervous system | any of the nerve tissue outside of the brain and the spinal cord. |
| Neuroglia | supporting structure of the nervous tissue, function is to physically support or assist with metabolism,90 % of the nerve cells in the brain |
| Neuron | nerve cell, has a cell body, dendrite, and a long axon, roughly 10% of your brain |
| Astrocytes | star shaped neuroglia attach neurons to small blood vessels |
| Microglia | acts like a leukocyte, protects, carries things out |
| Oligodendroglia | holds nerve fibers together and produces myelin in the CNS. |
| Soma | another word for cell body |
| Axons | carry impulses away from the cell body, efferent fibers |
| Dendrites | are extensions that carry impulses toward the cell body and are referred to as afferent fibers |
| Unipolar | neurons have one extension from the cell body |
| Bipolar | neurons have two extensions from the cell body |
| Multipolar | neurons usually have many dendrites and one axon, most common in the body |
| Neurilemma or Neurolemma | is cytoplasmic which allows it to repair of damaged fibers, found only in the peripheral nervous system. |
| Hypertonic | higher solute. |
| Hypotonic | lower solute. |
| Difffusion | the movement of a substance from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, can happen without a membrane or go through a membrane, how things enter or leave the blood. |
| Solution | consists of a solute and a solvent. |
| Solute | the substance being dissolved. |
| Solvent | the substance doing the dissolving. |
| Osmosis | movement of a water from an area of higher concentration of water through a semipermeable membrane to a lower concentration of water. |
| Two criteria for osmosis | water doing the moving, semipermeable wall. |
| Osmosis | the movement of water from an area of lower concentration through a semipermeable membrane to an area of higher concentration. |
| Semipermeable | allows certain substances through but not others. |
| Differentially permeable, selectively permeable | Semipermeable synonymous. |
| Concentratrations | when this is given it is always referring to the solute NOT the solvent. |
| Passive transport | the movement of ions or molecules across a membrane without the expenditure of energy. Examples, diffusion and osmosis. |
| Hypertonic | refers to the solution in a concentration gradient having the greater concentration of solute. This solution would have a lesser concentration of solvent but a greater concentration of solute. |
| Hypotonic | refers to the solution in a concentration gradient having the lesser concentration of solute. This solution would have a greater concentration of solvent but a lesser concentration of solute. |
| Icotonic | means having equal concentration. |
| Facilated diffusion | the movement of a substance from an area of higher concentration through a semipermeable membrane without the use of energy but needing the assistance of a carrier molecule. |
| Active transport | the movement of a substance from an area of lower concentration through a semipermeable membrane to an area of higher concentration with the expenditure of energy. |
| Nucleus | the most obvious organelle in any eukaryotic cell, surrounded by a double nuclear membrane. |
| DNA | within the nucleus this is responsible for providing the cell with its unique characteristics. |
| Nuclear membrane | controls what gets in and out of the nucleus. |
| Plasma membrane | controls what gets in and out of the cytoplasm. |
| Chromatin | the genetic material when the cell is not dividing is in a dispersed phase and is referred to as. |
| Chromosomes | when the cell is dividing by mitosis or meiosis the genetic material is in the form of. |
| Nucleolus | material inside the nucleus,the prominent structure in the nucleus. |
| Ribosomes | produced by the nucleolus, they move out of the nucleus to positions on the rough endoplasmic reticulum where they are critical in protein synthesis. |
| Cytosol | another word for cytoplasm. |
| Cytoplasm or cytosol | the “soup” within which all the other cell organelles reside and where most of the cellular metabolism occurs, is mostly water but is full of proteins the control cell metabolism. |
| Plasma membrane | a double layer of lipids but is made quite complex by the presence of numerous proteins that are important to cell activity. |
| Proteins in the plasma membrane | receptors, pores, and enzymes. |
| Plasma membrane | is responsible for the controlled entry and exit of ions. |
| Endoplasmic reticulum | passage way in the cytoplasm, throughout the eukarytotic cell, especially those responsible for the production of hormones and other secretory products, it is a vast amount of membrane. |
| Er | is a continuation of the outer nuclear membrane and its function suggests just how complex and organized the eukaryotic cell really is. |
| Cristae | the outer membrane is fairly smooth, in the mitochondria, but the inner membrane is highly convoluted ,forming folds called. |
| Cristae | greatly increases the inner membranes surface area,its on this that food is combined with oxygen to produce ATP(the primary energy source for the cell). |
| Smooth ER | some areas of the endoplasmic reticulum look “smooth”, its important in synthesis of lipids and membrane proteins, NO ribosomes. |
| Rough ER | HAS ribosomes, is important in the synthesis of other proteins or glycoproteins. |
| Presence of ribosome | why does rough ER appear rough. |
| Glyco | refers to carbohydrates. |
| Ribosomes | the site for protein synthesis. |
| Google complex | figures out the destinations of the endoplasmic reticulum, and separets them, it modifies molecules, and using vesicles it packages these materials, and then sends them off to the parts of the cell or the plasma membrane to be exported. |
| Goolge complex synonymous | golgi bodies, golgi apparatus. |
| Golgi apparatus | thhe membrane bound structure with a single membrane, it is actually a stck of membrane bound vesicles that are important in packaging macromolecules for transport elsewhere in the cell. |
| Necrosis | cell death. |
| Lysosomes | contain hydrolic enzymes necessary for intracellular digestion. |
| Lysomes in leukocytes | contents are carefully released into the vacuole around the bacteria and serve to kill and digest the bacteria. |
| Cell death | uncontrolled release of lysosome contents into the cytoplasm can cause what. |
| Peroxisomes | this organelle is responsible for protecting the cell from its own production of toxic hydrogen peroxide. |
| Peroxisomes | neutralizes the hydrogen peroxide. |
| H2O2 | hydrogen peroxide. |
| Secretion | into/ production. |
| Excretion | out of. |
| Secretory vesicles | cells secretions are packaged in secretory vesicles at the golgi apparatus, the secretory vesicles are then transported to the cell surface for release. |
| Mitochondria | provide the energy a cell needs to move, divide, produce secretory products, contract, they are about the size of bacteria but may have different shapes depending on the cell type. |
| Centrosome | an area in the cell where microtubules are produced, has two centrioles. |
| Microtubule organizing center | another name for centrosomes, |
| Centrioles | each made up of a ring of 9 groups of microtubules. |
| Centrioles | there are 3 fused microtubules in each group, the two centrioles are arranged such that one is perpendicular to the other, may play a role in mitotic division, helps pull chromosomes apart. |
| Vacuoles | a membrane bound sac that plays roles in intracellular digestion and the release of cellular waste products, may be given names as to what they eat such as, food vacuole or excretory vacuole. |
| Cytoskeleton | helps to maintain cell shape but the primary importance of the cytoskeleton is in the motility. |
| Cytoskeleton | the internal movement of cell organelles, as well as locomotion and muscle fiber contraction could not take place without this. |
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