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Neural Exam 2
Ch. 5, 6, and 7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Somatosensation | Bodily sensations of pain, temperature, touch and proprioception. Specialized receptors convert sensory stimuli to neural signals and transmit to parietal lobe to analyze information. |
| Mechanoreception | touch, pressure, vibration, and kinesthesia |
| Thermoreception | Cold, hot, temperature |
| Nociception | Pain |
| Three-neuron organization | Dorsal root ganglion, brainstem/spinal cord, and thalamic nuclei to primary sensory cortex (parietal lobe). |
| Conscious sensation occurs | at the cortical level |
| primary sensory cortex | Analyzes the quality of sensory information; Broadmann areas 1, 2, 3. |
| Somesthetic association cortex | Superior and part of the inferior parietal lobe and lies at the crossroads of the temporoparietal (occipital regions). |
| Lesion in the somesthetic association cortex | Cognitive impairments and Cross-modality integration |
| Trigeminal Nerve (5) | Principal sensory nerve of face; innervates different regions of the head, face and intraoral structures. |
| Analgesia | absence of pain while consciousness. |
| Anesthesia | insensitivity to pain with/without consciousness |
| Graphesthesia | feel writing on the skin |
| Kinesthesia | Awareness of position, weight, and movement. |
| Proprioception | sense of where your limbs are in space |
| Stereognosis | perceiving an object via touch |
| referred pain | pain perceived at a site NOT the pain stimulus site. |
| Phantom pain | perception of pain on a limb that is no longer there. |
| Visual Cortex; Broadmann area 17 | midsagittal surface of the occipital lobe |
| Damage to visual cortex | blind spots in the visual field or total blindness |
| Damage to secondary visual areas (visual memory is stored here) | visual agnosia |
| visual agnosia | problem with giving meaning to what is seen by relating what is seen to experiences and knowledge |
| Vision area key for | reading of words, and in the recognition of objects. Seen in MRI and PET scans |
| Island of Reil or INSULA | lies below the fissure of Sylvius (5th lobe). may be involved in programming for speech (apraxia). |
| Pupillary Light Reflex | light = constricting the pupils. Both pupils constrict in response to light entering one eye |
| Direct Response | pupillary reaction in the eye exposed to light |
| Consensual Response | Reflexive change in other eye |
| Occuulomotor N (CN 3) Damage | alters pupillary light reflex |
| Temporal Lobe | responsible for auditory processing (Heschl's gyrus BA: 41), sense of smell, holds Wernicke's area |
| Outer ear | pinna and eternal auditory canal |
| Middle ear | tempanic membrane (ear drum), Occicles, Eustachian tube. |
| Inner ear | Bony and membranous labyrinth, cochlea, and CN 8 |
| Frequency | pitch |
| Intensity | loudness |
| Wernicke's area | BA: 44, Understanding and producing MEANINGFUL speech. Short-term memory, speech recognition spoken written and signed lnguage. |
| Wernicke (44) and 39 damage | 44 = Wernickes Aphasia: Issues in comprehension and neither understandable meaning nor syntax. Lack of self awareness, rarely respond to treatment. 39 = Anomia |
| Alexia | loss of the ability to read |
| Agraphia | loss of the ability to write or spell |
| Acalculia | loss of the ability to perform basic mathematical calculations |
| Paraphasia | substituting one word for another |
| Secondary Auditory Association | BA: 21,42; involved in comprehension of speech and language memory |
| Vestibular System | Reflexive sensorimotor system controls: equilibrium, upright posture, coordinate head, body movements, and eye fixation. |
| Semicircular /canals | Balance organ; Superior, posterior, and lateral; at right angles to each other, contain fluid and can sense movement |
| Vestibule (saccule & utricle) | |
| Vestibular nuclei | |
| Sensory receptors (hair cells) | In semicircular ducts respond to changes head and body position |
| Dynamic | regulates body and head positions during rotational and angular movement. |
| Static | regulates straight-line movements and regulates both head and body position during rest. |
| Motion Sickness | Most common vestibular system; vertigo, dizziness, nausea (especially with up and down movements). |
| Vertigo | Sensation of spinning, associated with Meniere Disease. |
| Labyrinthitis | irritation of the intercommunicating semicircular ducts after a viral infection or inflammation. Vertigo, nystagmus, dysequilibrum, nausea. |
| Benign positional vertigo | Common in the elderly, caused by head movement. |
| Spinal Cord (Motor System 1) | Most important structure btwn body and brain. Extends from the base of the skull to the lower back Increase in cord size at the cervical and lumbar levels cause greater NN supply is needed there. |
| Spinal Nerves | 31; C:8 T:12 L:5 S:5 C:1 |
| Neurotransmitters | released by the activity of brainstem (Acetylcholine, Norepinephrine, Serotonin, and Epinephrine) |
| Acetylcholine | the primary neurotransmitter of the autonomic nervous system, regulates voluntary or reflexive motor movements, Myasthenia Gravis |
| Lower Motor Neuron Syndrome (LMN) | (peripheral NN damage) Complete muscle weakness and total flaccidity. |
| Cerebellum (Motor System 2) | makes ongoing modifications to the motor plan, error control device, Coordinates input and output systems during RAPID movement. |
| Cerebellum NOT concerned with: | conscious appreciation of sensations and cognitive processing |
| Cerebellum participates in: | Motor learning, Motor memory, Movement execution |
| Cerebellar Malfunction | Hits target but trajectory is jerky and requires corrections |
| Cerebellar Lesion | evident on the body on the ipsilateral to the site of lesion Sure sign it's cerebellar lesion: Vision cannot compensate |
| Romberg Test | Evaluates proprioception. Arms extended in front, feet together and eyes closed. If one arm drifts down and/or patient tilts. Cause may be a cerebellar (input or outpt), vestibular or proprioceptive abnormality. |
| Ataxia | Lack of order and coordination in muscle activities. Segment movements. |
| Dysdiadochokinesia | Can't do /pa ta ka/ |
| Dysarthria | Slow, slurred and disjointed language |
| Dysmetria | Error in judgment of a movement’s range/distance to the target. |
| Intention Tremor (Motion Tremor) | Tremors during a skilled movement sequence; more severe as the target closer |
| Hypotonia | Normal muscle tension is decreased and the muscle becomes floppy -ipsilateral |
| Rebounding | Person looses the ability to predict, stop or dampen movement |
| Cerebellar Pathologies | Cerebrovascular Accident and Toxicity (alcoholism and PCD) |
| Progressive Cerebellar Degeneration PCD | fredreich ataxia: autosomal recessive genetic degenerative condition. |
Created by:
jbeaumac13@knights.u
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